【藥事知多D】抗組織胺知多D:止痕不止痕?
舉凡大部分皮膚過敏,例如異位性濕疹(Atopic Dermatitis),患處往往可能會出現紅、腫、熱、癢。
其中最重要的是止痕。
為什麼?
唔……因為相較紅、腫、熱而言,要是情況還是不太嚴重,往往只可能會影響外觀,你不看、我不說,自己往往未必會察覺得到這些症狀,對吧?
所以眼不見為淨還是可以自欺欺人的。
問題是,痕,你是不會不知道的。
當然單是痕癢,問題本來不大。真正的問題是,基於本能反應,痕癢便可能會抓癢,抓癢便可能會抓傷表皮(Epidermis),體外的致敏原便可能突破這層物理性屏障刺激皮膚誘發痕癢。簡單說,愈痕便會愈抓,愈抓便會愈痕,最後便可能會形成一個「愈痕愈抓,愈抓愈痕(Itch-scratch Cycle)」的惡性循環。
還有要是抓出傷口,還可能會增加患處出現感染的風險。
所以止痕是非常重要的一環。
至於其中一種常用的止痕藥一般主要是抗組織胺(Antihistamine)。
抗組織胺主要透過跟H1-受體(H1-receptor)的作用抗衡組織胺(Histamine)止痕,目的在截斷「愈痕愈抓,愈抓愈痕」的惡性循環,簡單說,不痕便不抓,不抓便不痕,從而希望能夠改善症狀,控制情況。
在劑型上,主要分為口服、外用兩種。
理論上,相較外用而言,口服可能是一個較理想的選項。因為外用抗組織胺裡面的藥用輔料(Excipient)可能會誘發皮膚致敏(Cutaneous Sensitization),抗敏不成反致敏,未必適用於紓緩異位性濕疹的症狀。[1]
值得一提,在異位性濕疹上,組織胺只是其中一種介質,不是唯一一種介質,甚至可能不是一種主要介質誘發痕癢。[1][2]
所以抗組織胺固然能夠抗衡組織胺,不過還是可能會「錯重點」。
這方面,抗組織胺可能是一種常用的選項,不過未必是一種理想的選項。
話雖如此,不過抗組織胺還是有一定的用途的。
這話怎麼解?
首先相較早上而言,晚上一般會較痕癢。
為什麼?
答案很簡單。
早上的時候,不論有事無事,當大家睜開眼睛後,便會忙著東、忙著西,其中一個,不用問,當然是滑手機,對吧?
這樣子,忙著忙著,注意力便會開始分散,從而可能會忘記異位性濕疹所產生的搔癢感。
不過待到晚上,情況便會截然不同。
這時候,人們唯一要做的便是睡覺。在這個情況下,人們便可能會較容易覺得痕癢,自然較難入睡。
這時候,抗組織胺便可以派得上用場。
這話怎麼解?
相較而言,第一代抗組織胺(First Generation Antihistamine)較常會產生睡意,所以一些第一代抗組織胺,例如Diphenhydramine、Hydroxyzine,順道便可以做一種助眠藥幫助因為夜間痕癢而難以入睡的用藥者入睡。
綜觀芸芸眾多抗組織胺裡,除了是一種抗組織胺外,Doxepin還是一種三環類抗抑鬱藥(Tricyclic Antidepressant, TCA),除了可能會紓緩痕癢的症狀外,還可能會紓緩抑鬱的症狀,較適用於一些同時罹患抑鬱症的異位性濕疹人士。[1][2][3]
這是一個十分重要的考量,為什麼?
唔……暫時姑且撇開中醫不說,在西醫上,難聽一點,異位性濕疹暫時可以說是一種「不治之症」。這就是說,只能醫治,不能根治。
面對這種隨時可能會復發的病症,患者一直往往徘徊在受控、失控之間,換是你,抓著抓著,會不會抓出狂來?所以這些患者同時可能會罹患抑鬱症,Doxepin便可能是一個較適合的選項。
(如欲了解更多用藥資訊,歡迎看看「小小藥罐子」網誌。)
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Reference:
1. Leung DY, Hanifin JM, the Work Group on Atopic Dermatitis, et al. Disease management of atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79:197-209.
2. Leung DYM, Eichenfield LF, Boguniewicz M. Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema). In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, et al, eds. Fitzpatrick' s Dermatology in General Medicine, 6th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2003:1180-1194.
3. Klein PA, Clark RAF. An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:1522-1525.
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atopic disease 在 李木生醫師 Facebook 的最讚貼文
產檢的常見問題中,妊娠癢疹排在前幾名,有些產婦求診許多醫療院所,問題還是沒有解決。
長期的抓癢會使皮膚破皮,流血,二度細菌感染。患處表皮增厚,苔蘚化,嚴重者會導致失眠,疲憊,憂鬱而影響工作與生活。
妊娠癢疹泛指與懷孕有關的皮膚搔癢,常伴隨孕期結束而病情逐漸消退。好發的高峰期落在懷孕中末期。影響約十分之一的孕婦。
妊娠癢疹在臨床上有許多可能的鑑別診斷 如 多形性癢疹,異位性癢疹,搔癢性毛囊炎,肝內膽汁鬱滯性疹或妊娠水泡疹 (“類天疱瘡疹“)
其中最常見的是多形性癢疹:它的特徵是在妊娠紋上出現搔癢的丘疹及蕁麻疹狀皮膚斑。約一半的初產婦會從腹部擴展至胸部及背部,沒有波及到臉部及肚臍。通常不會發生在手或腳的末端。我們通常都會給予局部藥膏治療。
雖然大部分與妊娠有關的癢疹對母體及胎兒無影響,但是也有少部分癢疹有潛在的母胎風險,及下一胎孕期復發的可能。如上述分類中的妊娠水泡疹 (“類天疱瘡疹“),它屬於一種罕見的自體免疫性疾病,長全身性水泡,可能生下低體重新生兒,早產或新生兒疱疹性皮膚炎。應及早給皮膚科醫師檢查與治療。還有肝內膽汁鬱滯性疹: 孕婦膽汁酸過高,肝功能異常,血中維他命K濃度低(容易產後大出血),有可能發生早產或胎兒缺氧,羊水胎便染色,甚至死產或造成新生兒呼吸窘迫症候群。有這樣疑慮的時候會做更多的檢查並可能需要住院觀察與肝膽內科會診。
雖然只是癢,但下次記得告訴您的婦產科醫師,我們願意傾聽任何的”小問題“。
註:皮膚疹的圖片不甚討喜,謹將我認為較有公信力的網站附上,供大家參考。
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/skin-problems-in-pregnancy/
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Itchy rash is one of the most common complaints that I see at prenatal clinics. Some women’s itchiness persists despite multiple treatments and doctors’ opinions. Whilst chronic scratching may lead to skin thickening or recurrent infections, itchiness can severely affect the quality of life of mothers by causing insomnia, tiredness and even depression.
Itchy rash of pregnancy most commonly occurs during second to third trimesters, then improves postpartum. It affects about 10% of the pregnant women.
The differential diagnosis of these itchy rashes is broad, including but not limited to polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (its long acronym is “PUPPP” but I won’t bore you with this), atopic eczema, prurigo of pregnancy, cholestatic pruritis and pemphigoid gestationis. Other diagnoses like contact dermatitis or scabies are not uncommon during pregnancy but I consider them as diagnoses not specific to pregnancies.
The ones that i see the most are polymorphic eruption of pregnancy, it is characterised by raised rash of multiple shapes (polymorphic) especially over the striaes on the tummy. In about half of the mothers with first baby the rash will extend to the chest and the back, however, the face and the belly button are often spared. Also it does not affect hands or feet. Treatment is usually topical.
Although most itchy rashes of pregnancy are not serious, some (although rare) can be quite serious that requires close monitoring and consultation with dermatologists or internal medicine physicians. For example, “pemphigoid gestationis” is a rare autoimmune skin disease during pregnancy that causes bullous eruption all over the body. This is due to formation of antibodies against mother’s skin, and sometimes these antibodies can cross the placenta and affect the babies. Another serious skin condition is cholestatic pruritis, it is due to build up of bile salts in the body from abnormal liver function, which can sometimes lead to a myriad of systemic and fetal complications if not treated.
Remember to tell your obstetrician and gynaecologists about your itchiness. We are here to listen to all of your concerns and worries.
atopic disease 在 李木生醫師 Facebook 的最佳解答
孫女從嬰兒時期就有異位性皮膚炎,心疼他因為癢而抓出許多血絲與常常皮膚紅腫。身為婦產科醫師的我,對這個疾病不甚了解,但最近開始閱讀這個疾病的相關知識,想與大家分享。
近二十年來,台灣的異位性皮膚炎的盛行率增加將近一倍, 有些研究顯示都市化和空氣污染會增加風險,也有些研究說媽媽在懷孕期間多吃魚會降低風險。
百分之八十的異位性皮膚炎始於5歲以下,而約有一半以上得異位性皮膚炎的小朋友,長大會”自己好” 但詳細原因不明,或許和早期疾病的控制有關。
異位性皮膚炎是一種皮膚的過敏反應,許多病人因爲皮膚天然保濕因子 (filaggrin) 不足的體質,造成過敏原更容易通過乾燥龜裂的皮膚,而誘發過敏反應,所以除了擦藥與(嚴重時)吃藥,保濕乳液對於預防復發非常重要,近幾年有些免疫阻斷劑的上市,讓對付嚴重異位性皮膚炎的 ”藥品軍火庫“ 又增加一些生力軍。
有家族病史的小朋友更容易得到異位性皮膚炎,代表基因也有關聯。約有60-70% 的異位性皮膚炎的病患,會有 Filaggrin 基因上的某些位點的突變 ,目前已知有數十個 Filaggrin 基因位點的突變,有趣的是,亞洲人與歐洲人突變的位點不盡相同。而台灣本土人口 Filaggrin 基因位點的突變,仍尚未被發表。
目前各國的皮膚科醫學會,都同意早期治療,藉以降低復發的強度與頻率,所以小朋友的皮膚如果常常乾紅癢,應該及早就醫診斷與治療。至於有家族病史但沒有發病的小朋友,是否該做Flaggrin基因檢測,而提早擦保濕乳液 ,是一個值得討論的題目。
#異位性皮膚炎
#保濕因子
#提早擦乳液
參考文獻
Chu C-Y et al. Taiwanese Dermatological Association consensus for the management of atopic dermatitis. Dermatologica Sinica. 2015 Dec 1;33(4):220–30.
Romieu I, Torrent M, Garcia-Esteban R, Ferrer C, Ribas-Fitó N, Antó JM, et al. Maternal fish intake during pregnancy and atopy and asthma in infancy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007 Apr;37(4):518–25.
Irvine AD, McLean WHI, Leung DYM. Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 6;365(14):1315–27.
Nutten S. Atopic Dermatitis: Global Epidemiology and Risk Factors. ANM. 2015;66(Suppl. 1):8–16.
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My granddaughter suffers from atopic dermatitis (AD) at a young age. The constant scratching causes little spots of bleeding and roughening of her baby skin. There doesn’t seem to be a cure for this condition. Even though I am an O&G specialist by trade, I have decided to read a little bit more on this topic and share them with you.
The prevalence of AD has doubled in Taiwan in the last 20 years. Some research shows industrialisation and air pollution may be risk factors whilst fish intake during pregnancy reduces infant risks of AD.
Eighty percent of AD starts below the age of 5. And about half of the children tend to “grow out of” AD. It may be mutli-factorial but the immune tolerance may be related to early control of AD.
Atopic dermatitis is a hypersensitivity reaction of the skin, many patients are found to have defects in their skin Filaggrin, which is a naturally-occurring skin moisturiser. Therefore skin emollient is an important treatment for the prevention of AD flares. Apart from the existing immunosuppression treatments (such as topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors), there are now biological agents available for the treatment of severe AD. The therapeutic armamentarium against AD is slowly increasing as we understand more about the disease.
Many variants of mutation at the Filaggrin gene have been found in up to 70% of patients with AD. There are currently 50-60 disease-causing variants known. Interestingly, mutations found in the European population seem to be different from those found in the Asian population. The mutations specific to the Taiwanese population are yet to be found.
The consensus amongst international experts seems to agree that early treatment of AD reduces recurrence and severities. However, it would be interesting to know the utility of early moisturizer application in those testing positive for Filaggrin gene but without AD.
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(一)異位性皮膚炎是什麼? 00:07
(二)異位性皮膚炎成因? 00:39
(三)患上異位性皮膚炎需要戒口嗎? 01:13
(四)「濕疹鐵三角」可以治療異位性皮膚炎嗎? 2:20
(本短片作健康教育之用,並不可取代任何醫療診斷或治療。治療成效因人而異,如有疑問,請向專業醫療人士諮詢。)
參考資料:
1. Al-Shobaili, H. A., Ahmed, A. A., Alnomair, N., Alobead, Z. A., & Rasheed, Z. (2016). Molecular Genetic of Atopic dermatitis: An Update. International journal of health sciences, 10(1), 96–120.
2. Kanda, N., Hoashi, T., & Saeki, H. (2019). The Roles of Sex Hormones in the Course of Atopic Dermatitis. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(19), 4660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194660
3. Drislane, C., & Irvine, A. D. (2020). The role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and allergic disease. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 124(1), 36-43. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2019.10.008
4. Suárez, A. L., Feramisco, J. D., Koo, J., & Steinhoff, M. (2012). Psychoneuroimmunology of psychological stress and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiologic and therapeutic updates. Acta dermato-venereologica, 92(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1188
5. Dhar, S., & Srinivas, S. M. (2016). Food Allergy in Atopic Dermatitis. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(6), 645–648. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.193673
6. Yu, W. (2001). The Role of Food Allergy in Atopic Dermatitis in Children. Hong Kong Dermatology & Venereology Bulletin, 9(3), 110-116.
7. Lee, S. Y., Lee, E., Park, Y. M., & Hong, S. J. (2018). Microbiome in the Gut-Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis. Allergy, asthma & immunology research, 10(4), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.354
8. Lee SY, Lee E, Park YM, Hong SJ. Microbiome in the Gut-Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018 Jul;10(4):354-362. doi: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.354. PMID: 29949831; PMCID: PMC6021588.
9. Kim, H., Ban, J., Park, M. R., Kim, D. S., Kim, H. Y., Han, Y., Ahn, K., & Kim, J. (2012). Effect of bathing on atopic dermatitis during the summer season. Asia Pacific allergy, 2(4), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2012.2.4.269
10. Ozkoca, Kutlubay, & Karakus. (2019). Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: What’s New? Clinical Dermatology: Research and Therapy.
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