【風土各表:Rioja葡萄酒的反思】
Bodega Lanzaga是一間強調風土的Rioja酒廠,不過Telmo Rodríguez自帶主角光環,目前整個西班牙他的幾個相關酒廠風風火火,加上他長的實在帥,說他是新一代西班牙釀酒師的代表應該很中肯。
在西班牙談風土是人人有話講也人人霧煞煞,從Tempranillo談風土的話或許是個切入點:Tempranillo在西班牙很普遍,但不是適於各種土壤類型,首先Tempranillo適合Limestone,再一個重要的原因是同樣是Limestone,較低的雨量一般造成土壤pH值更高而更適合Tempranillo。也因此以Tempranillo的品質來看區域,通常會說Rioja Alavesa為佳,此區主力土壤為Clay-limestone calcareous,年雨量500mm,優質葡萄園一般在450m以上,當然也要看座向位置等其他條件。不過任何一個偉大地塊若僅憑「資料」,無論那一國還是那個產區,都不足以說明其偉大之處。今天喝到的單一園我也沒拿到完整的Soil profile與地形圖,但邏輯判斷總歸有點幫助。
Telmo Rodríguez在Bodega Lazaga想表達是相同於布根地的風土哲學,他也不是唯一的一個,這也是RIoja公會新制中改變最大也最被詬病的一塊:公會一次提出了144個單一園Viñedo Singular (VS),實際上是無法落實。第三波Rioja的風土潮/單一園通常由各個釀酒師提出作品,通常量少又不見得有年份穩定性與連續性,對市場而言的現狀是:沒喝過/不知道什麼風格/很貴(跟同區相比)/產量很少/分數高/只有酒評家在讚聲(酒評家在此時很重要)。而這144個葡萄園還不是每個都有authorited的作品,是不是很搞不懂呢?
根據National Post 2016年由John Szabo MS執筆的一篇Telmo Rodríguez專訪,他的單一園觀點似乎以敵對我們熟知的Rioja風格為訴求:他認為La Rioja Alta、Castillo Ygay和Lopez de Heredia都是工業釀酒廠,大型生產設施,與該地區早期的傳統幾乎沒有關係;他認為波爾多的技術資本引入摧毀了Rioja的真實風格,是一場錯誤;他說「Rioja從此走錯方向」。我這裡沒有引用他所有的觀點,但我想問的是:今天Rioja的「傳統」風格是否真的一無是處?是否真的完全沒有反映Rioja的風土?跨園跨區跨品種混釀真的這麼罪大惡極?Rioja的風格難道一點沒有西班牙的文化與民族性格關聯?酒質好不好是否也要考慮政治正確?
Rioja據資料有超過一萬個葡萄園,可以標示單一園Viñedo Singular (VS)需遵守下列法規:
★ 葡萄藤必須35年以上
★ 葡萄園最大產量比一般Rioja法定要求低至少20%
★ 葡萄重量與葡萄汁的最大比例為1/0.65
★ 必須人工採收
★ 葡萄酒必須通過兩次品嚐並獲得標準以上的分數才能標示單一園
所以在技術性要求上完全沒問題,問題在於各個地塊的風格到底是什麼?技術性要求並不等同風格與風土。你不會因為鍋子大火力強台灣豬貴貴就說菜一定好吃吧?如果認真追究,某單一園在過去根本沒有釀造而只是賣葡萄給酒廠,現在的釀造者卻說他「承繼」「發揚」 地塊的榮耀?會不會太矯情了點?
我是不知道這個報導是不是完全傳達了他的意思,但至少我們知道Telmo Rodríguez選擇留在公會制度下(細思極恐)。2017年通過的Rioja單一園法定制度,就是他聯合當地150多名釀酒師、酒商和葡萄酒作家聯名向政府請願後得到的。不過2015年離開了公會制度管轄的Artadi毋寧可作為另一個參考:Artadi的Valdegines與La Poza來自谷地兩側有數十公尺落差的葡萄園,一直是我認為Rioja「單一園」風格的典範,各年份具有連續性的辨識度,個別作品的水準亦不俗。我覺得任何的「單一園」,無論在哪個國家或產區,最珍貴的是累積而成的「辨識度」,是一個具體且長遠的「獨特」風味,不然是不是辜負大家對「單一園」的期待了呢!
風土不是是非題,風土應該是一個隨時間而拓展的觀點而不是一言堂。先有「單一園」再去生產合規的作品有點像是先射箭再畫靶,若是地塊有長期連續可辨識的風格再劃歸制度中是不是更有說服力?西班牙已經有了個不算成功的Vino de Pago,若是人為因素無法突破,制度還要考慮勢力利益,那麼制度就難以保證其目的了。也許公會以及所有期待Rioja Single Vineyard的各位可以多思考這些單一園是Certified還是Candidates。
【本日最喜歡La Estrsda 2017 】
Deep purple. Refreshing black pepper, black cherry. Concentrated black fruits, straight, deep in phenolic extraction, a hint of raw soybeans and blossoms. Finesse acidity, lingering complexity, and concentration in quiet. Not enough integration now. Delicate, subtle. Need more 5+ yo to develop. 2024~2048
El Verlado 2017
80% Garnacha. Deep purple. Cool herbaceous, rose pedal, fine and delicate, polished, red flower and red fruits. Slim, juicy but bold in tannin. Not enough in length and complexity now. Need 3+ yo develop. 2024~2034
Tabuerniga 2017
Deep purple, ferment beans, sun-dry vegetable, black pepper, and other pungent spices. Polished, solid, fresh black fruits show some clean in depth. Could expect its development in another 5+ yo.
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