關於 ocean issue ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

大家有看過 #三體 這本書嗎？令我最感動和震撼的部分是當外星人發現地球的存在時的反應。住在只有極熱和極冷，被三個太陽包圍的星球的他們不敢相信這宇宙有一個完美氣候的地方。一個有四季，有陽光，雨，雪，山，海，各種自然生態系統和環境的地方。外星人把這裡形容為天堂。他們極度妒忌，也決定要侵入地球，讓自己人民有一個氣候穩定的星球為家。

看到這部分我才反省到，地球真的很特別，我們擁有了太空其他生物一定很想住的家。我們能出現也是因為這裡大自然的設計很完美，讓生物能出現。目前人類還是沒有在宇宙裡找到一樣氣候的地方吧？在那麼難得和獨特的地球上存在我覺得很幸福，但現在這個完美氣候和自然受到前所未有的威脅了。我希望我們每人可以做更多去保護我們唯一一個家。明明是會讓外星人妒忌的地方。
有很多可以做，大大小小都有 - 少點外賣/少吃肉/不要用一次性塑膠料東西/自帶水杯/循環再用/參加環保活動等。#地球日快樂 🌏

In #TheThreeBodyProblem (highly recommended book), I was most touched when aliens first discover Earth’s existence. Living on a planet surrounded by 3 suns, they deal with extreme heat and extreme cold. They couldn’t believe that Earth had perfect liveable climate, with different temperatures, seasons and environments, that there was sunshine, ocean, mountains, and so much biodiversity. They became extremely jealous, describing Earth as paradise and decided to invade this planet, to give their own people a better home. This made me reflect a lot. Wow, Earth is indeed so so special, there isn’t anywhere like it in our observable universe and the fact we exist is because our nature is so perfectly designed that life blossomed. I felt so lucky to be born on this rare planet.
The climate crisis is the most pressing and dire issue of our generation, I really hope we can all take part in conserving our only home, the planet that any extra terrestrial would be jealous of.
Let’s all try - get less delivery/eat less meat/recycle/don’t use single use plastics/bring your own bottle/get involved in conservation efforts - so many little and big ways 🙂
#HappyEarthDay 🤍 @ Planet Earth

📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth

✍️ 田少谷 Shao

📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium

Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Outline

0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion

0. Intro

The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥

While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.

Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅

Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊

If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏

There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!

1. Uniswap & AMM recap

Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.

Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.

Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:

AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.

In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP

¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity

² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative

³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage

2. Tick

The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.

For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp

By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:

The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.

Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.

Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.

With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯

So, how is the price range of a tick decided?

This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.

The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.

Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.

However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.

This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.

As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.

For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.

p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001

See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?

Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052

But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?

Price range: max & min

To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.

24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:

1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341

1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943

I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌

⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.

How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?

Tick index from price

The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:

Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php

Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.

Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm

Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!

⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.

3. Concentrated liquidity

Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.

Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.

As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!

Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂

Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].

If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.

The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.

However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).

We can observe the following two points from the above example:

Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.

√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.

What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!

Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵

⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.

4. Range orders: reversible limit orders

As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:

current price < the targeted price range

current price > the targeted price range

current price belongs to the targeted price range

The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.

The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).

There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!

In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.

Range orders

To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.

The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.

For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.

With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!

Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).

The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.

The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.

If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.

Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.

What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].

This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.

…wut? 🤔

Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!

What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.

The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.

To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:

Only one token is required for range orders.

Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯

I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.

⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.

Reversible limit orders

As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.

We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].

Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.

The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.

As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:

When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸

When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸

A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!

⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.

5. Impacts of v3

Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:

Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.

The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.

LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏

In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.

After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔

Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!

6. Conclusion

That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂

There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅

If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!

Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟

Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌

#睡前故事：【海底】

在未來的海洋裡，塑膠會比魚還多。

即使如此，地球的環境日益惡化，相比地面嚴重的沙塵暴、害蟲和極端天氣問題，受塑膠垃圾影響的海洋還算是個比較好的天地。

很多很多年後，部份人類開始移居深海：他們在海底建立龐大的玻璃罩，並在底下構築城市和工廠，人造日光和人造海洋，他們保存了部份陸上和海洋生物，一手一腳建立了新家園⋯⋯很多人終其一生，都居住在玻璃罩中。

他是一位垃圾收集員，每天都要駕駛潛艇到不同海域，收集數百年前人類扔入海洋的垃圾。

對很多人來說，這是厭惡性工作，不僅要處理海量垃圾，還要面對玻璃罩外無處不在的風險。有人說，有些誤食了核廢料的海洋生物變得異常龐大，例如有五輛海底巴士般巨大的八爪魚，可以用綿長的觸鬚捲起潛艇；或是有人類至今仍未目睹過、自遠古生存至今的巨型怪魚，它們因為人類數之不盡的活動而甦醒了⋯⋯

作為一個經驗老到的潛航者，他對這些謠言嗤之以鼻。在外海工作日久，他最多碰到的只有垃圾垃圾和垃圾——在這個滿佈污染物的海洋，又怎可能還有生物？他相信，世上僅有的海洋生物，都只存在於玻璃罩下那個由人類築成的內海。

膠水樽、輪呔、護膚品空瓶⋯⋯每天，他帶著這些海洋垃圾回到城市，透過回收再造，讓垃圾獲得二次生命，再次成為有用的資源。

垃圾，同時也是資源，在資源緊絀的海底，這是任何人的基本常識。在玻璃罩下出生成長的他，不明白昔日的人類為甚麼會將這些資源隨意投放到海洋，讓它們居無定所地隨洋流漂浮，百多年以後，又要由他四出收集。

「警告，」城市那邊透過無線電以一種未曾聽過的緊張聲調聯絡他，「城市北面海域出現巨型不明物體，未知來意。建議在外海的潛航員盡速返航，以保護潛艇及資源安危⋯⋯警告、警告——」對方又再重覆一次，不明所以的他，將駕駛倉視角調至北方，才發現遠處真的有白色的龐然大物正在急速接近。

他深吸一口氣，用盡力扭動軚盤，踩緊油門，全速返回城市。他已感受到船身有輕微震盪，「不會是後面那東西牽動洋流所帶來的影響吧？」他心想。他想知道那是何方神聖，但他不敢看向後方，只好繼續前進，「你還有三十秒。我們快要封鎖閘門了。」城市的閘口海關用無線電通知他，但這次是他熟悉的聲音。

「三十秒夠了。」他忍痛按下按鈕，將所有酬載扔下，讓潛艇更高速前進。他幾乎沒有煞車地全速滑入閘口，工作人員於是迅速關上外閘門，排水，再陸續打開第二、三閘門，讓他回到城市內部。

「你知道嗎？我們差點就要扔下你。」她既驚又怒，輕輕打了他的頭一下。她是他最熟悉的閘口海關，也是他認識多年的青梅竹馬。

「那白色的東西究竟是甚麼—— 」說罷，城市便面臨了一次猛烈的撞擊。她跌倒，他出於自然反應，將她攬在懷裡，保護她免被可能掉下來的雜物碰到。

一場混亂過後，撞擊終於結束，他站起身，手把手將她拉起來。那團撞擊玻璃罩的龐然大物終於顯出真身。

那不是生物，而是由無數垃圾聚集而成的海洋垃圾巨獸⋯⋯漁網纏繞著漁船，還有大量垃圾膠袋和膠樽，它隨著洋流不斷移動，垃圾便愈纏愈多，最後洋流將它帶來這裡，威脅他們的城市。

幸好，城市撐住了。

這次襲擊讓大家驚魂未定，看著外海佈滿垃圾的情景，他卻微笑了，她只好沒好氣地瞪了他一眼。畢竟這些垃圾令人害怕，但在他眼中全都是資源。近期再要外出收集垃圾，也不用走那麼遠了。

「至少，近期的工作可以輕鬆得多啊。」

Storyteller： L'OCCITANE en Provence
Illustrator：小萊 Siuloy
Text by @wongyuehang2047
Creative by StoryTeller StoryTeller 說故事

2050年，海洋裡的塑膠會比魚還多。

早前，L’OCCITANE 與 A PLASTIC OCEAN FOUNDATION 合作，將由顧客回收的四十公斤美容產品空瓶交由基金會回收處理，部份更製成再生塑膠三文治袋，給予塑膠第二生命。現時，L’OCCITANE 所有香港專門店均提供空瓶回收服務，產品包裝物料有 32% 為再生塑膠，92%物料可回收循環再造。

L’OCCITANE 的目標，是在 2025 年前達成三個 100% —— 產品 100% 的瓶子將用 100% 再生塑膠製成，而專門店更可 100% 提供回收服務。要減低對地球的傷害，我們要多關心、多留意環境相關資訊，消費時盡量選擇低廢產品和綠色商戶。現在，只要你分享這個故事，同時標註 #MEGAActions2021，每多一個#MEGAActions2021，L’OCCITANE 都會捐出一元予A PLASTIC OCEAN FOUNDATION ，推動減癈、塑膠再生及停止塑膠污染 —— 讓我們一起 #MakeEarthGreenAgain！

L'OCCITANE en Provence A Plastic Ocean Foundation #loccitanehk #環保故事 #這一秒故事 #睡前故事 #MEGA
#LowWasteBeauty #EveryActionCounts #ReducePlasticWaste #ReducingWaste #塑人走塑
#走塑找數 #APLASTICOCEANFOUNDATION

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📍到訪繪本故事書房 Cabinet of Stories：中環士丹頓街15號1樓 @cabinet.of.stories

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This channel is used only to recommend games and spread awareness of all the positive possibilities of gaming.
All videos are not intended to infringe any copyright law, only to assist commentary and recommendation.
If any producer or label has an issue with any of the uploads please get in contact (pikalu@zoho.eu) with me and I will delete it immediately (this includes artists of the images used).

Credits:
✔︎Sharks, jaws, Great white. The Big Five：https://youtu.be/XiDyaebx3FQ
✔︎Ocean Ramsey Encounters GIANT 20ft Great White Shark：https://youtu.be/BMsyssBXRsQ
✔︎Jaws (1975)：Universal Pictures
✔︎Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! (2015)：Syfy Films
✔︎The Visual Effects of The Meg (2018)：https://youtu.be/Y0SUEOpaAHI
✔︎The Shallows VFX Breakdown：https://youtu.be/z-bUo-gYa_8
✔︎Cat Transcendence- limitless：https://youtu.be/uwmeH6Rnj2E
✔︎Shark Tale (2004)： DreamWorks Pictures
✔︎Maneater interview - PC Gaming Show 2019：https://youtu.be/1OBgKp5Ckxo
✔︎Maneater - The Game Awards 2019 Trailer：https://youtu.be/qbBSJwEREFE
✔︎Shark Tale Part 3 MC Hammer FT：https://youtu.be/-bYrsxL_GGw

BGM:
🎵Cinematic Epic Trailer Music by Infraction
🎵Epic Cinematic Dramatic Adventure Trailer.mp3
🎵Inkopolis News (Off the Hook) - Splatoon 2
🎵Tostarena_ Ruins - Super Mario Odyssey
🎵Spyro - Year of the Dragon OST_ Spooky Swamp
🎵The Little Mermaid | Under the Sea
🎵Player Make Splatoon OST
🎵Power Training Gym - Pokkén Tournament
🎵Theme of Phantom R – Rhythm Thief
🎵Gobblegut - Super Mario Galaxy 2
🎵Shark Tale (2004) - Can't Touch This
🎵Broken Coral (Ink Theory) - Splatoon 2 Soundtrack
🎵Shark Tale Game Soundtrack - Tell Me the Shark Tale

#遊戲皮卡嚕 #皮卡評分 #皮卡嚕
食人鲨 鯊魚黑幫 Maneater 威爾史密斯 海底總動員 開放世界鯊魚遊戲 值得買嗎 遊戲介紹 購買須知 聊Game 遊戲情報

Chơi game nhưng cũng phải chi phối thời gian nghịch điện thoại như a Quang nhé, Tải ngay App Nox Ocean tại https://freeshort.link/lusiIz

Vodka Xe Ôm | Quang trở lại mạnh mẽ tiêu 10k FC Mở ICON và Săn +7 căng đét
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PC :
CPU Intel Core I7 - 8700
Mainboard ASUS TUF Z370-PRO GAMING
Ram Trident Z RGB 16GB
VGA MSI GTX 1070Ti ARMOR 8G
Case Segotep SG-K7
Custom Freezemod Elite RGB

Màn : HKC 27" 144hz
Mouse : Logitech G403
Keyboard : Fuhlen Destroyer
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The Real Threat to the US is the loss of self-confidence
──An Open Letter to Mr. Secretary Mike Pompeo

My name is Wang Ping-Chung, the spokesperson for the New Party, Taiwan’s political party. During the ongoing pandemic of the Covid-19, the enemy of all human beings, including the American people and Chinese people, is definitely the corona virus. However, as Secretary of State of the United States, you seem to consider China instead of the virus to be your enemy. It lets you do little in pandemic prevention but much in blaming the WHO and China. You have even made great efforts to politicalize the issue of public health in order to attack China, which reflects the United States’ prevailing concept of so-called China’s threat. Nevertheless, the real threat to the US is not China but the loss of self-confidence indeed.

As President Franklin Roosevelt once said, “Only thing we have to fear is the fear itself.” The threat you have to fear today is not other peoples but yourselves. Even though you have done your best to shift blames on the WHO and China, the fact is already clear of the US domestic misdiagnosed cases, which had been seen as H1N1 but in fact corona virus since last autumn. It is also your fault in underestimating the severity of the epidemic while China sacrificed itself to let the world have more preparation time. Accordingly, the Covid-19 has killed more than fifty thousand people in America. As China’s population is four times larger than the US, it is quite shocking that America’s death toll due to the Covid-19 has been above China’s.

I feel so sorry for the suffering of your people, yet it is never too late to mend. However, not only did you palm off the responsibility on others, but you also undermined international solidarity against the pandemic. Moreover, you even try to deny the status of the WHO as the coordinator for universal combat against diseases, which in some way means challenging the global institutions under the governance of the United Nations. It is so unbelievable that the United States, viewing itself as the world leader above half a century, is tending to destroy the world order recognized by the international society. The very reason I can think of is the loss of America’s self-confidence. It is the threat to both the US and the whole world.

For Liberalists in the United States, China has been believed either an opponent or a violator to international institutions. As far as it’s concerned, there had been debates whether to keep containing China economically and militarily or engaging it institutionally. Both were resulted from America’s confidence in its leadership. Consequently, the confidence gradually changed into arrogance, luring the United States into aggressions upon other countries as the global superpower without permission from the UN Security Council. It made America exhausted at last. Therefore, the United States has become an isolationist, and even a betrayer to the global institutions they established before. On the contrary, China seems more like a protector of the world order.

On the other hand, for Realists, the predominant thinkers in international politics, China has been seen as the primary rival to America. As they estimate there will be threat if any other regional hegemony occurs, the nation’s fear becomes beyond what its capability can hold. To some extent, this is the real crisis to your people. In fact, different from western nations developing themselves by oppressing and exploiting others, the Chinese people have risen out of poverty at the cost of blood, sweat, and tears of our own. I would like to remind you of Franklin Roosevelt’s self-evident words that nothing to fear but fear itself. The only threat you should conquer is the threat in your mind.

As Henry Kissinger has argued, relations between China and the United States need not – and should not – become a zero-sum game. He also suggested that China and America build a Pacific community with each other. Thinking in the same way, Chinese President Xi also claimed that the vast Pacific Ocean has enough space for the two large countries of China and the United States. Furthermore, I believe the world is large enough to embrace different political and social systems. As western liberalism in recent years has met difficulties in over-consumption and government failure, we should be more open-minded to the superiority of Chinese governance in some fields, especially the high efficiency in defeating the epidemic. The United States should also be more self-confident to have China rising under the global governance of international institutions, sharing with mutual benefits instead of destroying each other. Without doubt, only by doing so can the United States overcome the real threat and bring the world peace and prosperity, the real universal values for all mankind.