英國核電錢坑越跌越深,欣克利角 C 新建計畫預算又暴增 29 億英鎊!!(10/01/2019 TechNews科技新報)
文:藍弋丰
國力挺欣克利角 C(Hinkley Point C)核電廠新建計畫,成為全球核產業的最後希望之一,很不幸的,欣克利角 C 計畫也不能免去全球當前核電廠新建計畫追加預算永無止境、完工延後遙遙無期的錢坑困境,負責興建的法國電力公司(Électricité de France,EDF)警告該計畫將可能追加預算多至 29 億英鎊,相當於約新台幣 1,113 億元,工期可能再延後 15 個月。
欣克利角 C 兩座反應爐,預定總發電容量 3.2 吉瓦(2.3GW),可供應英國 7% 用電需求,或相當於 600 萬用電戶,原本計畫 2017 年完工上限,延後到預定在 2025 年第一座反應爐完工上線,法電如今表示工期將再延後 15 個月。
計畫由英國政府以躉購電價方式補貼,簽訂 35 年的購電合約,每度電躉購價格為 0.0925 英鎊,該價格是以 2012 年簽約時的英鎊價值為基礎,之後每年需經通貨膨脹計算,若以 2018 年為計算基礎,相當於 0.107 英鎊,相當於每度電新台幣 4.075 元。高躉購電價引起英國國內相當的反對聲浪,但即使英國政府犧牲納稅人權益以高價補貼,整個計畫獲利性仍然岌岌可危,因為成本不斷追加,但是躉購電價以及保證購電年限是固定的,於是報酬率也就節節下降。
2015 年時,當時向歐盟報告欣克利角 C 計畫的預定內部報酬率(internal rate of return,IRR)為 11.4%,之後就一直向下調整,募資時宣告為 9%,2017 年重新評估時,預算已經超支 15 億英鎊,內部報酬率降到 8.5%,此次法電宣布延期與預算增加後,預計興建成本會比原先估計增加 19 億至 29 億英鎊,使總成本來到 215 億至 225 億英鎊,相當於新台幣 8,321 億至 8,616 億元,這次成本估算增加,使該計畫的內部報酬率降低 0.3%,如今內部報酬率只剩 7.6%~7.8%。更糟糕的是,法電表示,無法保證成本不會再增加。
法電將成本增加的主要原因怪罪於土建工程,欣克利角 C 的興建工地原本為一片海濱泥灘,需經填海整地,建設防坡堤,並設計有海底隧道引水管的冷卻水系統等等大型工程,宣傳時吹噓這些巨大工程的偉大,例如由基礎設施建造公司保富集團(Balfour Beatty)承建的引水管海底隧道,設計每秒水流量 12 萬公升,3 條隧道位於海床下最深處達 33 公尺,需用上 3.8 萬片水泥組件,隧道以 3 架 TBM 開挖,每架每分鐘可挖出 11 噸岩石。工程更宣傳使用全世界最大的起重機,高達 250 公尺,載重 5,000 噸,用來吊載核電廠的預鑄組件進入工地。
但是這種把核電廠當成「世界奇觀」宣傳的手法,其實也暴露出核電廠興建工程浩大,須採用特殊設備進行沒有先前經驗的大規模工程,必然導致成本居高不下,而工程延期與追加預算風險極高的結果。法電向英國人民保證,預算增加只會影響到法電本身以及合作夥伴中國廣核集團的獲利,不會影響英國人民的用電電價,因為躉購電價合約是固定的。不過,相對的,法電的股東可就倒楣了,消息宣布當日法電股價應聲大跌 7%,2019 年以來已經下跌 28%。
法電有鑑於欣克利角 C 計畫全數承擔所有興建期追加預算的風險,導致融資成本激增,原本正向英國政府建議,之後的核電計畫可自英國用戶電費中先漲價收取資金,也就是把資金風險由使用者分擔,這樣一來能降低資金成本,以及因此降低總造價,但如今英國政府眼看追加預算風險如此之高,極不可能同意這種形同政治自殺的做法。
對核產業來說,屋漏偏逢連夜雨的是,就在欣克利角 C 計畫又成為另一個錢坑泥淖的同時,英國離岸風能招標卻開出新低價位,每度電購電價格僅 0.03965 英鎊,相當於僅新台幣 1.52 元,遠遠低於欣克利角 C 計畫的購電價,其中有半數將於 2023 ~ 2024 年上線,另外半數將於 2024 ~ 2025 年上線,由於歐洲離岸風能產業已經相當成熟,延期的機會不大,也就是說將會比欣克利角 C 計畫還要早完工上線,對英國人民來說,到底有何理由要支持比離岸風能貴上一倍半,又不知何時才能蓋好用得到的核電?
法電正在與法國政府協商重整計畫,希望能取得資金協助轉型發展可再生能源,欣克利角 C 計畫的沉重負擔成為轉型計畫的絆腳石。另一方面,對中國廣核集團來說,也是雪上加霜,2019 年 8 月美國將中國廣核集團列入黑名單,9 月底美國透露原因,身陷黑名單讓中廣核往後難以取得美國技術,與法電的合作,技術方向上卻眼看走入死胡同。
東芝、日立接連停止在英國的核電廠計畫後,欣克利角 C 計畫身為 30 年來英國首個新建核電廠計畫,成為英國核能的最終希望之一,但如今預算追加不停,工期不斷延遲的結果,可說對核產業又是沉重的打擊。
更多相關訊息:
More Delays for UK’s Hinkley Point Nuclear Plant as Offshore Wind Costs Drop
https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/more-delays-for-uks-hinkley-point-nuclear-plant-as-offshore-wind-costs-drop#gs.70jyic
Tunnelling gets underway at Hinkley Point C
https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/planning-construction-news/tunnelling-hinkley-point/63524/
World’s largest crane starts work at Hinkley Point C
https://www.pesmedia.com/hinkley-point-c-nuclear-power-station-crane-prefabrication/
EDF increases Hinkley Point C nuclear plant costs
https://www.ft.com/content/92102452-df62-11e9-9743-db5a370481bc
Hinkley Point nuclear plant building costs rise by up to £2.9bn
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/25/hinkley-point-nuclear-plant-to-run-29m-over-budget
♡
同時也有5部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過1萬的網紅translation,也在其Youtube影片中提到,#'97年、アクアプラスによりWindows 95/98用に発売されたビジュアルノベルのPS移植版。"雫","痕"に続くLeafの第三弾であり(PSでは前作は未発売) 全CGの描き直し、シナリオの大幅な改訂(原田宇陀児氏が担当)、全年齢対象化、ミニゲームの追加等によりPC版とは殆ど別物となり、リメ...
「wind power station」的推薦目錄:
wind power station 在 上田 怜 Rei Ueda Facebook 的最讚貼文
友人がまとめてくれた訪日外国人向け台風関連情報です🌬
うまくシェア出来ず、コピペで対応しています。
ヒラカワさん、ありがとうございます!
My friend wrote this article for foreigners who stay in Japan.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
**Please Share**
[ MAJOR SUSPENSION of public transportations throughout Central/Eastern Japan, esp. in Tokyo Met Region ]
As you might know, Typhoon No.19 (known internationally as "Hagibis") is heading north toward central and eastern Japan (inc. Nagoya, Yokohama, Tokyo, Sendai).
Bracing for one of the strongest typhoons hitting Japan in decades, ALL transportation services arriving from, departing to, or moving through those areas (air, land and sea) will be partially or completely suspended.
These measures are not unprecedented, however, scale of which clearly indicates its destructive power.
The messege from the Govt, Meteorological Agency, airliners, train operators are common and simple:
CHARGE your phones in advance, STAY INFORMED, STAY INDOORS/DON'T GO OUTSIDE for a day or two.
(You'll probably need some food and water, but it could be too late. Try getting them indoors or near by)
*These are some recommended preparations in English, Chinese and Korean:
https://www.tokyo-icc.jp/guide_eng/kinkyu/06.html
*Use these sources to know when the heavy rain and wind are coming to your area...:
-Safety Tips App (from Japan Tourism Agency)
https://www.jnto.go.jp/safety-tips/eng/app.html
-Windy (real time visual forecast from European & American agencies)
https://www.windy.com/?35.229,139.826,9,m:eEDaj14
*Additional weather info...:
-NHK World (public broadcaster; graphic & video report in English)
https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/special/01/1919/
-The Japan Times (five-day forecast)
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/weather/
*Train service status:
Each train operators have made announcements on their service suspension plan.
[To check where the nearest station is, and the route to your destination,
visit these sites:
https://world.jorudan.co.jp/mln/en/
https://japantravel.navitime.com/en/area/jp/route/
http://www.hyperdia.com/en/ (covers highway buses)]
-Shinkansen (bullet trains)
Tokyo to Hakata:
https://global.jr-central.co.jp/en/
Tokyo to Tohoku, Hokkaido:
https://traininfo.jreast.co.jp/train_info/e/shinkansen.aspx
Hakata to Kagoshima:
https://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/english/
-Osaka Met Region(Kansai)
JR West(inc. Haruka Express)
https://global.trafficinfo.westjr.co.jp/en/readme.html
Hankyu https://www.hankyu.co.jp/railinfo/en/
Hanshin https://rail.hanshin.co.jp/
Keihan https://www.keihan.co.jp/traffic/traintraffic/
Nankai(inc. Rapit Express) http://www.nankai.co.jp/railinfo.html
Kintetsu https://www.kintetsu.jp/unkou/unkou_en.html
-Nagoya Met Region(Chubu)
City Subway(no English info so far)
https://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/jp/pc/BUSSUBWAY/TRP0003750.htm
JR Central
https://traininfo.jr-central.co.jp/zairaisen/index.html?lang=en
Meitetsu(inc.μ-SKY Express)
https://top.meitetsu.co.jp/em/ryokaku/traininfo_eng.html?_ga=2.211456597.1555366672.1570803958-380680010.1570803958
-Tokyo Met Region(Kanto)
Tokyo Metro
https://www.tokyometro.jp/lang_en/info/203206.html
Toei Subway
https://www.kotsu.metro.tokyo.jp/eng/emergency/2019101116211977.html
JR East(inc. Narita Express)
https://traininfo.jreast.co.jp/train_info/e/kanto.aspx
Keisei(inc. SkyLiner)
http://www.keisei.co.jp/info/index.htm?lang=en
Keikyu
https://www.haneda-tokyo-access.com/en/ (See "What's NEW")
Tokyo Monorail
http://www.tokyo-monorail.co.jp/english/index.html
Odakyu
https://www.odakyu.jp/english/index_after/
Keio
https://www.keio.co.jp/unkou/unkou_pc_e.html
Seibu
https://www.seiburailway.jp/railways/tourist/english/ (See "News & Topics")
Tobu
http://tra-rep.tobu.jp/index.html (Select "English")
Tokyu
https://www.tokyu.co.jp/unten2/unten.html
-Tohoku Region(inc. Sendai)
JR East
https://traininfo.jreast.co.jp/train_info/e/tohoku.aspx
Sendai Subway(no English info so far)
https://www.kotsu.city.sendai.jp/news/2019_taihuu19.html
For comprehensive real-time service status, download the Japan Travel App:
https://japantravel.navitime.com/en/area/jp/guide/NTJtrvsp0005-en/
wind power station 在 江孟芝 I MengChih Chiang Facebook 的最佳解答
【美援時代—1952年的西螺大橋】Part 2
在美國國家檔案庫(National Archives and Records Administration)翻拍西螺大橋的資料的時候,看見西螺在1951年的樣子,清晰的黑白照片,捧在手裡盡是感動。
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第一張照片為西螺鎮(Silo Town),仔細一看是西螺延平老街的最具代表性的金玉成鐘樓啊! 左方三樓上突出的鐘樓是老街裡60年來不變的仰望。
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第二張為糖業鐵路西螺站(Silo Station, Sugar Corporation Railway)。
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第三張是河床上測試負載力(Test on Bearing Power of River Bed)的照片。當時美國不僅提供經濟支援,也給與技術上的指導,進行工程測試。
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接下來的長條摺頁圖就是當時工程師所做的測量數據。為了能夠精準地把大張圖表拍下來,我特別使用國家檔案庫大型掃描器做高畫質的TIF檔儲存,每一幅是由三到四張Letter Size所組成的長條聯頁:
長條摺頁圖(一)
Map — Highway System and Silo Bridge
台灣西岸公路系統與西螺大橋位置圖(1951年)
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長條摺頁圖(二)
Method of Erection and Tentative Progress Schedule for Silo Bridge A
西螺大橋建造方法與進暫時度時程表A (1951年)
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長條摺頁圖(三)
Method of Erection and Tentative Progress Schedule for Silo Bridge B
西螺大橋建造方法與進暫時度時程表B (1951年)
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長條摺頁圖(四)
Water Level Records for Silo Cho-Shui-Chi River
西螺濁水溪水位記錄表 (1946到1951年水位的變化)
濁水溪的乾季是從十月到隔年的四月,也是最主要大橋能夠施工的期間。
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長條摺頁圖(五)
Rain Fall and Wind Records for Silo Town
西螺鎮雨量與風向記錄表(1945到1951年的變化)
雨季通常是五月到九月,值得一提的是,颱風常在雨季造訪,造成豐沛的水量。
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最後兩張圖表是影響西螺大橋建造最關鍵的因素,也是我最喜歡的兩張資料視覺化:)難以想像,在那個依然是手繪年代,能夠這麼精密的紀錄氣候、水位。2018的今天,我們望著這些台灣的歷史筆跡,喚起隱身在千宗萬卷檔案裡的西螺故事,濁水溪依舊滾滾奔騰,西螺大橋仍然搭起古今,走過日本、美國、台灣時空下的血脈,希望台灣人永遠記得這份光榮與得來不易。
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國家寶藏 #西螺大橋
檔案連結🔗:
https://www.nationaltreasure.tw/…/68077dc0-e754-11e7-b4ae-4…
https://www.nationaltreasure.tw/…/713b99d0-e754-11e7-b4ae-4…
wind power station 在 translation Youtube 的精選貼文
#'97年、アクアプラスによりWindows 95/98用に発売されたビジュアルノベルのPS移植版。"雫","痕"に続くLeafの第三弾であり(PSでは前作は未発売) 全CGの描き直し、シナリオの大幅な改訂(原田宇陀児氏が担当)、全年齢対象化、ミニゲームの追加等によりPC版とは殆ど別物となり、リメイク作ともいえる。
BGMはWin版で使用された曲は全曲アレンジ収録、PS専用の新曲も追加。
作曲・石川真也氏, 下川直哉氏, 中上和英氏
Manufacture: 1999.03.25 AQUAPLUS
computer: Play Station
Sound: CD
Composer: Shinya Ishihawra,Naoya Shimokawa,Kazuhide Nakagami
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
00:00:00 01.ToHeart00
00:00:11 02.Brand-new Heart (PC版OPテーマ/カラオケ)
00:02:26 03.Tell me the name (お名前何てーの?)
00:03:58 04.Character select (キャラクターセレクト)
00:04:43 05.Grassy plain of the fresh green (新緑の草原)
00:07:16 06.Sunshine Day (サンシャインDay)
00:09:37 07.To a spring breeze and (春風にのせて)
00:13:01 08.Crush sympathy (ときめきシンパシー/カラオケver.)
00:15:12 09.Your profile Yukari Shinki theme theme (あなたの横顔/神岸あかり)
00:18:08 10.Lady is Elegant Theme of Kusushi Kawa Seika (お嬢様はエレガント/来栖川芹香)
00:20:50 11.The theme of her melancholy Tomoko Shiroma (彼女の憂鬱/保科智子)
00:23:11 12.My ・ Friend Nagaoka Shiho's theme (マイ・フレンド/長岡志保)
00:25:09 13.After sunny V sign theme Aoi Matsubara (晴れのちVサイン/松原葵)
00:27:08 14.Dreaming robot/multi theme (夢見るロボット/マルチ)
00:29:07 15.Can not say Power/Himekawa Kotone's theme (言えないチカラ/姫川琴音)
00:31:57 16.Smiling theme of Miyauchi Remy (Smiling/宮内レミィ)
00:34:42 17.Ale! The theme of Rina Kinyama (エール!/雛山理緒)
00:37:18 18.Southern Wind (サザンウィンド/来栖川綾香)
00:40:49 19.Moon Shooter
00:42:50 20.Splendid desperate struggle (華麗なる死闘)
00:44:59 21.DANCE TO KUMA (ダンス・トゥ・クマ)
00:46:43 22.NAME ENTRY(ネームエントリー)
00:47:27 23.GAME OVER (ゲームオーバー)
00:47:40 24.WA25
00:49:07 25.What a pleasure! (なんて愉快!)
00:51:21 26.Happy People (ハッピーピープル)
00:52:34 27.DoTaBaTa (DoTaBaTa)
00:53:35 28.Cool bad (カッコ悪ぅ)
00:54:55 29.Dusk yesterday (暮れゆく陽)
00:57:45 31.30shine (輝き)
01:00:17 31.Summons (召喚)
01:02:17 32.Technical power (テクニカルパワー)
01:04:38 33.karaoke 「Feeling Heart」 (フィーリングハート カラオケ/OPテーマ カラオケver.)
01:08:30 34."Trace" cinema (「痕」シネマ/原曲「ためいき」(痕))
01:11:01 35.Sebastian (セバスチャン)
01:12:34 36.Nagase Development Manager (長瀬開発主任)
01:14:01 37.Witch's Law (魔女の秘術)
01:15:38 38.Strain (ストレイン)
01:16:30 39.Two afternoons (ふたりの午後)
01:18:01 40.Eternalal love (エターナルラブ)
01:22:11 41.French kiss (フレンチキス)
01:24:21 42.Music Box 「Feeling Heart」 (フィーリングハート オルゴール/OPテーマ,オルゴールver.)
01:28:43 43.Wind gave me good night (風がくれたおやすみ)
01:32:25 44.A new premonition: Ako (あたらしい予感/歌:あっこ)
01:35:50 45.sorezore no mirai e (それぞれの未来へ 作:中上和英 編:松岡純也 /歌:中司雅美)
01:40:36 46.Mini game "○△◇×" (◇×/ミニゲーム"○△◇×")
01:41:28 47.WIN
01:41:36 48.Mini game "○△◇×" (○△/ミニゲーム"○△◇×")
01:42:38 49.LOSE
01:42:48 50.WA25 (Hurry)
01:43:59 51.Brass beat (ブラスビート)
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wind power station 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳貼文
Osaka City pay station OSAKA STATION CITY Guided Tour
Sun May 18, joined the second day pay OSAKA STATION CITY guided tours,
5th floor rooftop station on a bridge [square (when) space-time]
Rooftop plaza of the bridge station, the large space overlooking the railway as a diorama. Place a silver watch, gold watch ticking "when" a symbol of the railway.
Around the square with the various features of personality, two buildings located as people usher in the gate. Attendant tour will show you how to get over 60 minutes about a variety of components such as connecting to them in one huge dome.
Times / day 2 hours 60 minutes journey time information
(1) 11:00 (2) 15:00
Japanese Language
500 yen 250 yen fee children (elementary school)
(Name of personnel departs least 2) 15 people
Departure Location Information North
Square
Eight square on the theme of "information" "Eco" "when," "green" "water" in the facility will be established. Both, the design was supervised by Eiji Oka Mito.
Square (at) space-time
Is a large square area of 3,000 m2 overlooking 38m · width of the diorama as a train station located on top of the bridge, arriving and departing. There is a silver watch, gold watch and open-air cafes.
Square Atrium
Is a large atrium space occupies the second floor of the middle floor to 9 North gate building. Optical clocks have been installed.
Carillon Square
Square point is provided in contact with the bridge leading to the Hankyu Umeda station. "Carillon" clock bell tower plays the music will be established.
South Gate Square
Square is to be installed on the south side of South Gate building. Water clock and solar panels will be installed.
Square of the sun
Wind is a square patio floor 17 to be installed in the floor 15 of the South Gate building. Lighting by solar power is used.
Garden of softened
Sum is a modern garden to be installed on the 10th floor of the North gate building. Maple, cherry, pine trees are planted.
Square of the wind
Square of the rest is to be installed on the 11th floor of the North gate building. Water flow, the pillar of the rose vine flower clock will be installed.
Plantation in the Sky
Plantation is to be installed in the roof (roof building low-rise) building the 14th floor of the North gate. Some paddy, grapevine trellis, vegetable garden, and tea plantations in the space of 1,500 m2. Crop has been harvested in these will be used as an ingredient in at the restaurant in the building, which also consider the future commonly lend a farm
wind power station 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的精選貼文
Osaka City pay station OSAKA STATION CITY Guided Tour
Sun May 18, joined the second day pay OSAKA STATION CITY guided tours,
5th floor rooftop station on a bridge [square (when) space-time]
Rooftop plaza of the bridge station, the large space overlooking the railway as a diorama. Place a silver watch, gold watch ticking "when" a symbol of the railway.
Around the square with the various features of personality, two buildings located as people usher in the gate. Attendant tour will show you how to get over 60 minutes about a variety of components such as connecting to them in one huge dome.
Times / day 2 hours 60 minutes journey time information
(1) 11:00 (2) 15:00
Japanese Language
500 yen 250 yen fee children (elementary school)
(Name of personnel departs least 2) 15 people
Departure Location Information North
Square
Eight square on the theme of "information" "Eco" "when," "green" "water" in the facility will be established. Both, the design was supervised by Eiji Oka Mito.
Square (at) space-time
Is a large square area of 3,000 m2 overlooking 38m · width of the diorama as a train station located on top of the bridge, arriving and departing. There is a silver watch, gold watch and open-air cafes.
Square Atrium
Is a large atrium space occupies the second floor of the middle floor to 9 North gate building. Optical clocks have been installed.
Carillon Square
Square point is provided in contact with the bridge leading to the Hankyu Umeda station. "Carillon" clock bell tower plays the music will be established.
South Gate Square
Square is to be installed on the south side of South Gate building. Water clock and solar panels will be installed.
Square of the sun
Wind is a square patio floor 17 to be installed in the floor 15 of the South Gate building. Lighting by solar power is used.
Garden of softened
Sum is a modern garden to be installed on the 10th floor of the North gate building. Maple, cherry, pine trees are planted.
Square of the wind
Square of the rest is to be installed on the 11th floor of the North gate building. Water flow, the pillar of the rose vine flower clock will be installed.
Plantation in the Sky
Plantation is to be installed in the roof (roof building low-rise) building the 14th floor of the North gate. Some paddy, grapevine trellis, vegetable garden, and tea plantations in the space of 1,500 m2. Crop has been harvested in these will be used as an ingredient in at the restaurant in the building, which also consider the future commonly lend a farm
wind power station 在 Wind farm - Wikipedia 的相關結果
A wind farm or wind park, also called a wind power station or wind power plant, is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electricity ... ... <看更多>
wind power station 在 Wind power generation using wind energy 的相關結果
Wind power generation means getting the electrical energy by converting wind energy into rotating energy of the blades and converting that rotating energy ... ... <看更多>
wind power station 在 How Do Wind Turbines Work? | Department of Energy 的相關結果
A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic force from the rotor blades, which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade. ... <看更多>