關於 country park boundary ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

【港英政府：發展郊野公園邊陲？ 無得諗！】

明日大嶼剛過研究撥款，政府立刻將目光轉去郊野公園：位於郊野公園邊陲嘅馬鞍山村面臨滅村，將成私樓地盤，再深入山谷之處亦有新鴻基地產囤積土地蠢蠢欲動作改劃申請。

翻查今年解封嘅港府解密文件，原來郊野公園成立之初，港英政府可能已預咗有地產商嘗試喺郊野公園門口起樓呢一幕，所以訂立咗一啲規則，規管埋郊野公園邊陲近1－2公里嘅擬議發展。今次被滅嘅馬鞍山村距離郊野公園邊界只有10米【註1】，明顯政府當以前呢啲「前朝」規則無到，未知是否為發展商大茶飯開路。

－港英政府： 郊公邊陲1－2km應限制發展－

前郊野公園管理局(Country Parks Authority)喺1988年撰寫一份標題為"Country Parks Planning an Introduction" （郊野公園規劃簡介）嘅工作文件，提及政府係處理郊區發展同保育問題時，可能會遇到嘅問題。

文件規定，政府喺擬定郊野公園圖則(country park plans) 時，需要特別注意其邊陲(fringe)嘅狀況。因邊陲發展有機會為郊野公園帶來景觀及環境影響(development on the fringe of the Country Parks that might have a visual or environmental impacts upon them)，所以工作文件在末段特別強調一點：郊野公園規劃不只限於郊野公園邊界之內，而係邊界以外一公里嘅發展都要考慮埋(a point worth mentioning about this and other park plans is that the assessment is normally extended for about 1km outside the country park boundary)，若果附近有主要道路，規管範圍更延至郊野公園邊界外1-2公里(to the nearest major road if this is within 1 or 2km)。

文件清楚列明，郊野公園管理局即使無權決定界外用地 ，但亦有責任向處理地政嘅部門就呢啲邊陲擬議發展提出建議(in a position to make recommendations to the Buildings and Lands Department concerning development on the fringe of the Country Parks) 。

既然畀得郊野公園管理局"comment"，即代表郊野公園嘅事，唔止局限係郊野公園之內。簡而言之郊野公園以外嘅邊陲範圍，都應納入保育概念考慮之中，所以邊陲地帶根本唔應該被視為房屋發展嘅土地來源，因為任何房屋發展，均會對郊野公園重大景觀及環境影響。今日政府不斷放風發展邊陲地帶，很可能根本性地違反咗當年嘅政策。

－現任發展局常秘 當年亦重視邊陲地帶起樓嘅可能－

有趣嘅係，研究員係查閱解密檔案時，發現現任發展局常任秘書長(規劃及地政)甯漢豪(Miss Bernadette LINN) 喺1990年任職政務總署(City and New Territories Administration) 新紮AO時，竟向各區政務專員(District Officers，即今日嘅民政專員)「推介」呢份郊野公園規劃簡介嘅文件。

甯漢豪仲叫政務專員特別留意郊野公園邊陲地帶嘅發展限制(You might wish to note in particular Section 8 on control of development within and in the vicinity of Country Parks)，睇起嚟當年甯漢豪亦好關心郊野保育。唔知道今日佢治下嘅發展局，一手主導消滅馬鞍山村、開路俾新鴻基喺郊野公園門口起180幢獨立屋嘅時候，個個保育嘅初心仲係咪到？

－請政府交代郊公邊陲政策最新去向－

翻查最新由政府提交沙田區議會關於馬鞍山村發展嘅文件【註3】，整份文件完全無提及發展會波及郊野公園邊界10米外嘅地方，甚至連地圖上「馬鞍山郊野公園」嘅標示都消失，只係係內文講發展位於「馬鞍山邊緣地帶」，所以發展密度與周邊環境協調（即係起低密度豪宅），而絕口冇提郊野公園係10米以外，更加冇提整份文件有冇諮詢過漁農自然護理署或郊野公園及海岸公園委員會。

政府要清楚解釋，呢個「保育郊野公園邊陲地帶政策」係咪已經取消咗，如果無取消，係咪部門失職？政府已擱置嘅郊野公園邊陲地帶研究【註2】，選址亦包括馬鞍山郊野公園邊陲，研究尚未重新啟動，為何政府已經急不及待容許喺馬鞍山村起樓？

#郊野公園研究
#保衛郊野公園

【參考文件】
香港歷史檔案編號 HKRS 1075-4-87 Sai Kung Country Park

【註1】蘋果日報 2020年12月6日 滅村起豪宅｜政府發展古老礦村 距郊野公園10米 遭逼遷村民：我個家冇晒 https://bit.ly/3qzIdRD

【註2】HK01 2019年2月20日【土地大辯論】林鄭DQ梁振英房策遺產　郊野公園邊陲建屋研究叫停 https://bit.ly/3mQLha1

【註3】馬鞍山區可供房屋發展用地的地盤平整和基礎設施工程－可行性研究《 馬鞍山分區計劃大綱核准圖
編 號 S/MOS/22 》 的 擬議修訂項目 https://bit.ly/2VOz1ek

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See how our research demystifies the land politics of the northern New Territories

本組向HK Magazine專題提供了反對新界北淪陷的重要理據，而新界東北正正就是撐住新界融合戰的橋頭堡!
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[cover story] What Will Happen to the New Territories?
http://hk.asia-city.com/…/…/what-will-happen-new-territories

The government’s little-publicized plans for developing the northeastern New Territories are much bigger than it would have you believe—under the current plans, huge tracts of green land will be turned to concrete. Grace Tsoi takes a closer look at the many complex issues and concerns surrounding the project.

On September 2, while secondary school students were hunger striking at Tamar, a smaller-scale but equally vociferous protest was being staged. Several hundred villagers from Kwu Tung North, Fanling North, Ping Che and Ta Kwu Ling also staked out the government offices. They chanted slogans protesting against demolition and removal—their homes are slated to be destroyed, according to the government’s plan to develop the northeastern New Territories.

The development plan is not a new one. As early as 1998, former Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa floated the idea to develop Kwu Tung North, Fanling North, Ping Che and Ta Kwu Leng into three new development areas (NDAs). However, the plan was halted due to a slower-than-expected population expansion in 2003. Then in 2007, Donald Tsang restarted the Hong Kong 2030 Planning Vision and Strategy scheme, and the Northeastern New Territories were again slated to be developed. The three NDAs will total 787 hectares, of which 533 hectares will be built upon. The consultation was done in the dark, and the majority of the public only learnt of the development plan at the last stage of the consultation. Originally the consultation was set to conclude at the end of August, but due to staunch opposition, the government has extended the deadline until the end of September. Here, we line out the many problems and shortcomings of the government’s plans.

Can It Satisfy Housing Demand?

The government backs up the development plan by stating that more homes will be built in the northeast New Territories—an appealing idea in the wake of rocketing house prices. Around 54,000 homes will be built, with 40 percent of the flats set aside for public housing. During her tenure as Secretary for Development, Carrie Lam said the ratio of public housing should be kept at less than 50 percent in order to avoid a repeat of the disastrous Tin Shui Wai new town in Yuen Long. “The problem with Tin Shui Wai is not that there is too much public housing. It is because of the monopolies [for example, the community is served only be The Link and Li Ka-shing’s shopping malls and there are very few independent vendors] and insufficient jobs for the working class. Even hawking is prohibited,” says Chan Kim-ching, a researcher from Local Research Community, a think-tank focusing on urban planning. On the other hand, the project’s 21,600 public housing flats, which will be made available by the year 2022, don’t even come close to satisfying the government’s target of building 15,000 public housing homes per year. We have to ask—is getting rid of all this precious green space worth it? On the private housing side, low-density homes will be built. However, it is questionable whether these flats will be affordable for the majority of the Hong Kong public—Chan worries that they will be snapped up by mainland buyers instead of satisfying local housing needs.

Overestimating Population Growth

In order to justify the project, the government has, once again, cited population growth in its push to build more housing. A government press release states: “According to the latest population projections, there will be an increase of about 1.4 million people in the coming 30 years. There is still a strong demand for land for housing and economic development.” However, the Census and Statistics Department has a track record of overestimating Hong Kong’s population growth. In 2002, the department predicted that Hong Kong’s population would hit 7.53 million by 2011. But today, Hong Kong’s population is 7.14 million—way off government estimates. The department itself has also lowered its population estimates. In 2004, it predicted that Hong Kong’s population would surge to 8.72 million by mid-2031. But latest predictions stand at 8.47 million by mid-2041. So if the government’s predictions are not accurate and consistent, how can it justify such a large-scale development?

Non-indigenous Villagers Lose Out

It is estimated that more than 10,000 villagers will be affected by the plan, and that more than 10 villages will be demolished. Almost all of the villages that are under threat are largely inhabited by non-indigenous villagers. Non-indigenous villagers migrated to Hong Kong after World War II. They farmed in the New Territories and built their homes near their fields. However, they are not landowners because land in the New Territories belongs to indigenous villagers. So even though the non-indigenous villagers have lived in the area for decades, according to authorities, they have no rights to the land. “The most ridiculous thing is, even though non-indigenous villagers have been living there for 50 or 60 years, their houses are still classified as squatter huts, a temporary form of housing. The authorities don’t recognize their housing rights… Non-indigenous villagers are easy targets of bullying because their rights are not protected by law,” says Chan.

Although it is the non-indigenous villagers who will be most affected by the development plans, no one sought to gain their input. In fact, the first and second phases of the consultation, which were conducted in 2009 and 2010, did not actively engage them at all. “The villagers of Ping Che did not know about the plan before—they only learned of the plan when they were invited to a poon choi banquet hosted by gleeful indigenous villagers. Some of the elderly villagers attended, and they were only told at the feast that the celebration was because the government would claim the land for development. They only learned that they would have to move at the banquet,” Chan says.

Unlike urban renewal projects, the government has not conducted any studies to investigate how many villagers are going to be affected; neither has it come up with any compensation or resettlement plans for the affected villagers. The only thing the government has done is to carve out a 3.2 hectare parcel of land in Kwu Tung North, where a public housing project will accommodate the non-indigenous villagers.

Meanwhile, indigenous villagers are set to reap huge profits. All the land in the new Territories land is either owned by indigenous villagers or property developers. As the government has allocated $40 billion to buy land, it is certain that indigenous villagers will pocket part of the money. To add insult to injury, while their non-indigenous counterparts face the demolition of homes, the indigenous villages will be kept largely intact. Also, the government has saved land for the future expansion of indigenous villages. Within the three NDAs, around six hectares of land has been set aside for this purpose.

Loss of Farmland

Another inevitable consequence of developing the New Territories is the loss of farmland. A spokesperson of the Planning Department tells HK Magazine that 22 hectares of land under active cultivation will be affected by the development. That figure is significantly lower than estimates by environmental groups, which have come up with the figure of 98 hectares. “The government data refers to the land being farmed currently, but we focus on arable land. When we talk about arable land, it also includes abandoned land which has the potential to be rehabilitated. It is for sure that the government has not included such land in its figure of 22 hectares. From the perspective of agricultural development, abandoned land can be rehabilitated. So why don’t we protect and rehabilitate this land?” says Roy Ng, the Conservancy Association’s senior campaign officer.

Displaced Farmers

The government has pledged to maintain a total of 54 hectares as agricultural zones. However, 37 of these so-called “protected” hectares are found in Long Valley, a well-established and very active farming area. The government plans to relocate many of the farmers who have been displaced by the project to Long Valley, a move that’s bound to cause friction between agriculturalists. “If we move all the affected farmers to Long Valley, it means that some of the farmers [who are already] in Long Valley have to move away,” Ng says. “The agricultural practices of the farmers are very different. In Long Valley, most of the farmers are growing wetland crops. But most farmland in Ping Che and Ta Kwu Ling is not wetland… If we move all these farmers to wetland areas, it may have an adverse impact on the conservation of Long Valley.”





Word on the Street

Villagers are fighting for the right to remain in th eir homes, undisturbed by government intervention. Here’s what they have to say.

I have been living in Ping Che for almost five decades, and all my children were born there. Ping Che is a large village, where thousands of people reside. We only knew that our village would be demolished a few months ago, and we only caught wind of some rumors before. Ping Che is spacious, and we grow produce for ourselves. When we first came to Ping Che, it was a primitive place. We have been renting land from the villagers since then. And Ping Che has become a beautiful village due to our efforts. I don’t want to see our village be destroyed. My children have grown up, and they don’t want to move out either.
Amy, 50s, Ping Che resident



Our family has been living in Kwu Tong for three generations. Two years ago, we found out that our land had to be claimed back [by the government]. The development plan had been formulated for a long time, but the officials never told us about it. We were shocked to learn of the plan, and we think the government has kept the plan in the dark. There are a few hundred villagers, and we all know each other. Even though I am young, I love the rural life a lot. I lived in private buildings in Fanling for more than two years as it was closer to my school. The feeling was very different. In our village, everyone says hi to each other; we even know the name of each dog! [In Fanling], I didn’t know my neighbors, and I didn’t even notice when they moved away. I hope our village will not be demolished because we want to keep our lifestyle. We will continue to fight for our rights.
Hiu Ching, 18, Kwu Tung North resident



I have never joined any protest. This is my first time because the government wants to take away the land from our village. The officials never consulted us, and it seems that we have to comply with every order of the government. There are fruit trees in front of our house, and the trees are 20 to 30 years old. We get all kinds of fruits to eat. Lychee, longan, jackfruit, aloe and melons…you name it. It’s no different from an orchard. When we were kids, we didn’t need to close our doors because we would just go next door to play with other children. A lot of structures are very old, and they are our heritage. We have gotten used to the rural way of living, and it’s difficult for us to adapt to a city life. We don’t want any compensation. There are many elderly people in our village, and they have been living here for decades. For those skeptics who think that we are only demanding more compensation, try to think from our perspectives. We have been living here for decades, and our home will be lost!
Mr. Lee, 30, Kwu Tung North resident


Development By Numbers

An outline of the redevelopment plans by region.

1. Kwu Tong, Fanling North, Ping Che/Tai Koo Leng New Development Areas (NDAs)
Size: 533 hectares.
Progress: Stage 3 of public engagement.

2. Hung Sui Kiu NDA
No outline development plan has been released, but it will be turned into an NDA that caters a population of 160,000. The government will also save land for the development of “Six Industries”—testing and certification, medical services, innovation and technology, cultural and creative industries, environmental industries and education services.
Size: 790 hectares.
Progress: Stage 2 of public engagement to be commenced; in operation by 2024.

3. Lok Ma Chau Loop
Once the property of Shenzhen, the Loop was allocated to Hong Kong after realignment of the Shenzhen river in 1997. The area will be turned into a higher education zone.
Size: About 87 hectares.
Progress: Stage 2 of public engagement completed; in operation by 2020.

4. Liangtang/Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point
Progress: construction will start in 2013; in operation by 2018.

5. Frontier Closed Area (FCA)
Established by the British for strategic reasons, the FCA will be downsized and land will be released for development. Due to the area’s history, it hasn’t been touched by any development.
Use: A country park will be designated near Robin’s Nest. Other areas are zoned as green belt and for agricultural uses. But a comprehensive development zone and residential areas are designated for Hung Lung Hang. Hoo Hok Wai, another ecologically sensitive area that occupies 240 hectares, is zoned under “other specific uses,” which also means that further development is possible.
Size: 2,400 hectares.
Progress: 740 hectares of FCA has already been opened up in the first phase.

6. Southern Yuen Long
The government is planning to build housing—both private and public—in the area.
Size: About 200 hectares.
Progress: The Development Bureau will conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), planning and engineering study at the same time. In operation by 2015.

7. Sha Lo Tung
It has been earmarked as one of the 12 sites of ecological importance. The site is an important habitat for butterflies and fireflies. Under the government’s Public-Private Partnership scheme, the developer wants to build a columbarium with 60,000 niches, while establishing an ecological reserve.
Size: The columbarium is set to be four hectares in size.
Progress: The EIA has already been completed, but the Advisory Council on the Environment halted the decision.

8. Nam Shen Wai
Another spot for the Public-Private Partnership scheme. The developer is planning to build 1,600 housing units, including 600 Home Ownership Scheme flats, in the southern part. It also wants to build elderly care homes to increase the social care elements. The Northern part of Nam Shen Wai and Lut Chau will be designated as a conservation area. Green groups oppose the plan because parts of the wetland will be lost.
Size: 121 hectares.
Progress: The EIA has been completed. The application will be submitted to the Town Planning Board in September.

9. Fung Lok Wai
The area is also classified as one of 12 areas with significant ecological value. Five percent of the land will accommodate luxury homes, while 95 percent of land will be turned into a conservation area. Fung Lok Wai is very close to Mai Po.
Size: 4.1 hectares (development area).
Progress: Awaiting a decision from the Town Planning Board.

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Vườn quốc gia Udawalawe nằm trên ranh giới của các tỉnh Sabaragamuwa và Uva, Sri Lanka.

Vườn được tạo ra như là mái nhà chung cho động vật hoang dã được di dời bằng việc xây dựng Hồ chứa Udawalawe trên sông Walawe, cũng như để bảo vệ lưu vực của hồ chứa.

Khu bảo tồn có diện tích 30.821 ha (119,00 dặm vuông) và được thành lập vào ngày 30 tháng 6 năm 1972.

Trước khi chỉ định vườn quốc gia, khu vực này đã được sử dụng để canh tác nương rẫy.

Công viên cách thủ đô Colombo 165 km. Udawalawe là môi trường sống quan trọng của chim nước và voi Sri Lanka. Đây là một điểm du lịch nổi tiếng và là công viên được du khách ghé thăm xếp thứ ba trong cả nước.

Thời điểm lý tưởng đến vườn Udawalawa là từ tháng 10 đến tháng 4 năm sau, khi hàng ngàn loài chim di cư về đây trú đông. Vé vào cổng khoảng 4150 Ripe, tương đương 530.000 đồng.

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Udawalawe National Park lies on the boundary of Sabaragamuwa and Uva Provinces, in Sri Lanka.

The national park was created to provide a sanctuary for wild animals displaced by the construction of the Udawalawe Reservoir on the Walawe River, as well as to protect the catchment of the reservoir.

The reserve covers 30,821 hectares (119.00 sq mi) of land area and was established on 30 June 1972.

Before the designation of the national park, the area was used for shifting cultivation (chena farming).

The park is 165 kilometres (103 mi) from Colombo. Udawalawe is an important habitat for water birds and Sri Lankan elephants. It is a popular tourist destination and the third most visited park in the country.

The ideal time to visit Udawalawa garden is from October to April, when thousands of birds migrate here for winter. Entrance ticket is about 4150 Ripe, equivalent to 530,000 VND.

If you know where there is a delicious restaurant, crowded to recommend to many people or want to advertise the restaurant, please comment below or call 0789570389.

Content is copyright protected, please do not reup post youtube, facebook or other sources. Thank you for supporting Saigon Beloved.

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I often review Vietnamese street food. I live in Ho Chi Minh city. If you have passion and interest in watching and enjoying street food, please visit my channel. I post food clips at 6 PM o'clock every day. Thank you very much.

Vườn quốc gia Udawalawe nằm trên ranh giới của các tỉnh Sabaragamuwa và Uva, Sri Lanka.

Vườn được tạo ra như là mái nhà chung cho động vật hoang dã được di dời bằng việc xây dựng Hồ chứa Udawalawe trên sông Walawe, cũng như để bảo vệ lưu vực của hồ chứa.

Khu bảo tồn có diện tích 30.821 ha (119,00 dặm vuông) và được thành lập vào ngày 30 tháng 6 năm 1972.

Trước khi chỉ định vườn quốc gia, khu vực này đã được sử dụng để canh tác nương rẫy.

Công viên cách thủ đô Colombo 165 km. Udawalawe là môi trường sống quan trọng của chim nước và voi Sri Lanka. Đây là một điểm du lịch nổi tiếng và là công viên được du khách ghé thăm xếp thứ ba trong cả nước.

Thời điểm lý tưởng đến vườn Udawalawa là từ tháng 10 đến tháng 4 năm sau, khi hàng ngàn loài chim di cư về đây trú đông. Vé vào cổng khoảng 4150 Ripe, tương đương 530.000 đồng.

fanpage facebook: https://www.facebook.com/saigondauyeu87/

Các anh chị, các bạn biết nơi nào có quán ăn ngon, đông khách muốn giới thiệu đến nhiều người hoặc muốn quảng cáo quán ăn vui lòng comment bên dưới hoặc gọi số 0789570389.

Nội dung được bảo hộ bản quyền, vui lòng không reup đăng youtube, facebook hoặc các nguồn khác. Cám ơn các bạn đã ủng hộ Sài Gòn Dấu Yêu.

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Udawalawe National Park lies on the boundary of Sabaragamuwa and Uva Provinces, in Sri Lanka.

The national park was created to provide a sanctuary for wild animals displaced by the construction of the Udawalawe Reservoir on the Walawe River, as well as to protect the catchment of the reservoir.

The reserve covers 30,821 hectares (119.00 sq mi) of land area and was established on 30 June 1972.

Before the designation of the national park, the area was used for shifting cultivation (chena farming).

The park is 165 kilometres (103 mi) from Colombo. Udawalawe is an important habitat for water birds and Sri Lankan elephants. It is a popular tourist destination and the third most visited park in the country.

The ideal time to visit Udawalawa garden is from October to April, when thousands of birds migrate here for winter. Entrance ticket is about 4150 Ripe, equivalent to 530,000 VND.

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