【師培專文】英文用錯別急著怪你的「中文腦」。7大種錯誤來源
當沒有教學靈感時,就回到 "learners" 和 "learning" 這兩件事的本質去思考。其中要了解 learners 頭腦裡的語言 (interlanguage), learner errors 可以給我們很多很多的線索。
提出 The Output Hypothesis 的習得大師 Merrill Swain 指出,errors 是學習者對於語言的錯誤假設 (Wrong hypothesis) 的產物。應用語言學之父 Pit Corder 極為有影響力的論文即命名為:The Significance of Learner Errors.
但學習者和老師都必須要知道:Not all errors are equal. 錯誤可以粗略分成下面幾個來源,有了對錯誤的系統性理解以後,教學者、老師們、甚至學習者才能進而很細緻地去思考 怎樣的 corrective feedback、怎樣的 instruction (pedagogical intervention) 會對於鏟除這些錯誤有幫助 (or 沒幫助) 。
但前提是我們要學習如何:
(1) Collect samples of learner language
(2) Identify the errors
(3) Describe and explain the errors
(4) Evaluate / correct the errors
【學習者錯誤大概可分成下面幾種錯誤】
Type 1️⃣: Errors of Overproduction (過度使用)
小明剛看完一篇文章很不完整地在講定冠詞 the 什麼時候用。滿腦子都是 the,導致於他隔天寫英文時,不需要 the 的地方也用了 the。
當教學、教材不夠完整很容易有這樣的狀況,語言學家 Larry Selinker 曾經用 Transfer of Training 一詞形容「教學可以對學習造成的負面影響」。
➠ 當你看完「英文冠詞八大法」「介系詞就靠這幾招」這樣的文章時,要特別小心,你有可能越學越回去。
Type 2️⃣: L1 Transfer (對於母語對外語的影響,比較先進的說法是 cross-linguistic influence)
中式英文: I'm easy to get lost while driving in a big city. (腦中翻譯: 我很容易。。。)
正確: I get lost easily while driving in a big city.
中式英文: The knowledge I learned from him is very useful. (learn knowledge 是中式搭配詞錯誤,應使用 acquire knowledge)
Type 3️⃣: Developmental Errors (發展型錯誤)
小明學了 Where is the restroom? 後,程度慢慢變好時,學了「間接問句」。有一天他突然不知道到底是 Can you tell me where is the restroom? 還是 Can you tell me where the restroom is?
Type 4️⃣: Inherent difficulty / complexity (語言本身複雜性)
• He went to University of Pennsylvania.
(應該使用 He went to the University of Pennsylvania.)
Type 5️⃣: Overgeneralization (過度類化)
• *We should emphasize on... (將 put emphasis on 的 on 誤送給動詞)
• *We really need to cost down. (來自於 We need to bring the cost down. 的不求甚解學習)
Type 6️⃣: Oversimplification (過度簡化)
*He didn't wear mask today. (應該用 wear a mask,可能是 Type 2 加上 Type 6 的綜合)
Type 7️⃣: 綜合型錯誤 (一個以上的原因加總)
• I suggested him to go to see a doctor immediately.
• He didn't reply my email.
應該是 reply to...可能學生想到 answer my phone、可能是在翻中文、可能是 overgeneralization、及物不及物本身也有複雜性)
✔︎ 台灣英語師培系統過去30年,因課程內容只對了真正在研究「語言學習過程」的第二語言習得 (SLA) 研究做了非常皮毛的「交代」,大多台灣的英文老師,都在不知道怎麼回答之下走進了教室,開始了一年又一年用trial and error 學習教學的過程。
➠ 知名語言學家 Ringbom 在 2007 年一篇 paper 裡也提及: "...we need to know enough about learning before we start making assumptions on the efficiency of teaching."
如果你未來想要當、或現在是個英文老師,認同這個理念,也想要用科學來引導教學、讓自己和學生都能不斷進步,站在世界最前端,那麼我歡迎你參加我的師培課程!
公開課ㄧ秒報名: https://www.accupass.com/event/2003230931011722834038
• 地點: 台北市朱崙街60號2F (MRT 南京復興站 3號出口)
• 時間: 2:30 pm- 4:00 pm (2:00 pm 開放入場)
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[電子商務] 2017的10個行銷趨勢
IBM Marketing Cloud發表了今年10個行銷趨勢,大體來說是科技的改變與數據分析將改變行銷方式,也會對行銷越來越重要。也是創造顧客經驗的策略。
請盡量讀原文英文,我的中文翻譯參考用就好,因為很難翻譯,且我的英翻中一向很爛。
Trend #1: Cognitive insights revolutionize how marketers deepen customer connections and fuel strategic growth
觀察分析將會更深化行銷人對顧客連結度跟成長策略
Trend #2: Companies shift from “mobile strategy” to creating an engagement strategy for their customers on mobile
公司轉換政策從手機策略變到發展engagement的策略給使用手機的顧客
Trend #3: Influencer marketing becomes more sophisticated and critical to brands’ social strategy
社群網的影響者Influencer會越來越發展細緻,且對品牌的社群策略越來越重要
Trend #4: Marketing and ad technologies draw closer together to drive efficiency and a better customer experience.
行銷跟廣告科技越來越連結一起,傳遞更有效率且更好的顧客經驗
Trend #5: Customer success and retention strategies leap to the marketing forefront
顧客滿意跟關係維護策略變成在行銷的最前線
Trend #6: Center-brain marketing melds creativity and tech to fuel success in a future driven by machine learning
"Centre-Brain markeing" (這是一個新的專有名詞)結合創意跟科技將會是未來一個重要的成功趨勢
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cOFNYEHZyU
Trend #7: Interactive email shifts the channel’s paradigm and powers new ecommerce opportunities
互動式的emil將提供電子商務的新機會
Trend #8: Understanding the evolution from big data to dynamic data becomes imperative to success
大數據到dynamic數據的轉變將會是勢在必行
Trend #9: Apps continue to escape their icons and change the face of mobile interactions
App繼續失去他們的標記,轉變成手機互動的介面
Trend #10: Leading marketers pursue a holistic view of the customer journey that radically shifts the customer experience
行銷追求整體的customer journey,將會改變顧客經驗
完整白筆書:
http://www.silverpop.com/…/US-I…/2016/2017-marketing-trends/
learning efficiency中文 在 湯士萱物理治療師 Suzanne Tang Physiotherapist Facebook 的精選貼文
這兩年,台灣物理治療學會每年都會邀請澳洲的物理治療大師 Mark Comerford 來台灣教授 Kinetic Control 系列課程。
Kinetic Control 是由英國 Movement Performance Solution 這個機構所研發的課程之一,而這個機構正是由Mark Comerford 與 Sarah Mottram 所創辦的。Movement Performance Solution 主要提供「動作健康相關專業人員」一系列有系統的教育與訓練;透過提供有系統的動作評估、動作再訓練方法以及輔助的科技系統,幫助物理治療師更加了解如何預防、處理個案的肌肉骨骼問題、疼痛,以及提升運動員的表現,協助人們增進動作表現與動作健康。
Movement Performance Solution 除了Kinetic Control 這一系列課程外,還有「動作測試與訓練線上資料庫 Kinetic Control Testing & Retraining Catalogue」、由Mark Comerford 與 Sarah Mottram 所撰寫的書籍「The Management of Uncontrolled Movemnt」以及「線上學習課程eLearning」。 另外還有提供動作分析與訓練的系統軟體「The Performance Matrix(TPM)」。
簡單來說就是:
【Movement Performance Solution】http://www.movementperformancesolutions.com/
◆The performance Matrix: http://www.theperformancematrix.com/
●TPM Pro
●TPM Active
●TPM Elite
◆Kinetic Control : http://www.kineticcontrol.com/
●The Movement Solution Course
●Module Courses
◆Publication - The Management of Uncontrolled Movement: http://www.kineticcontrol.com/book
◆Online exercise module-Kinetic Control Testing & Retraining Catalogue: http://www.kineticcontrol.com/exercise-catalogue
◆eLearning: http://www.movementperformancesolutions.com/shop/elearning
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今年8月, Mark 來台教授 Kinetic Control - Movement Solution 課程時,很榮幸擔任該課程的翻譯
就在課程結束 Mark 要離開前的晚餐時
Mark 說他對於我的翻譯感到印象深刻,加上考慮其他眾多條件後,覺得我就是他們要找的人!
Mark 問我是否願意接受培訓,成為 Kinetic Control 可以以中文和英文授課的國際講師
於是,我簽了人生中第二份的工作合約,正式成為 Kinetic Control Instructor Trainee (Kinetic Control 培訓講師) 😊。
謝謝陽明大學王子娟老師、施怡芬老師、陳文英老師,還有德建康肌適能中心 Daniel 主任的支持!
也謝謝身邊所有的同事、好友們的支持與協助!
我是何其幸運,身邊總是充滿了貴人!無比感激!
希望早日完成訓練、通過考試,以大家熟悉的中文與更多物理治療師分享專業的知識。
Kinetic Control 官網我的個人簡介:
http://www.kineticcontrol.com/about-us/suzanne-tang
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Taiwan Physical Therapy Association has been holding Kinetic Control course every year since 2014.
Kinetic Control is one of the courses developed by Movement Performance Solution which was founded by Mark Comerford and Sarah Mottram. Movement Performance Solution provides education and training for movement professionals, helping therapists understand how to prevent and manage musculoskeletal injury and pain in clients, patients or players and improve their movement efficiency and Movement Health.
Besides Kinetic Control courses, Movement Performance Solution also provides Kinetic Control Testing & Retraining Catalogue, the book - The Management of Uncontrolled Movement written by Mark Comerford & Sarah Mottram, on-line e-learning and “The Performance Matrix(TPM)” the movement analysis and retraining systems.
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In August, it was my honour to be the translator of the Kinetic Control Course delivered by Mark.
Before Mark’s departure, he expressed his deep impression of my translation.
He asked me if I was willing to be trained as a Kinetic Control instructor.
Oh!!! Of course, I'd love to.
I was so happy and excited!
I signed the second contract in my life.
I'm a kinetic control instructor trainee now!
And the training has begun.
I'm so happy that I can join the great team!
I’m so grateful for the supportive people around me.
My bio on the KC website
http://www.kineticcontrol.com/about-us/suzanne-tang
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