關於 relative price ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

第四集 (一連七集) 哈佛知識分享: What is strategy? How do you create value? 什麼是策略 ? 你如何創造價值?

一開始我講過:

"The first test of a strategy is whether your value proposition is different from your rivals. If you are trying to serve the same customers and meet the same needs and sell at the same relative price, then you don't have a strategy. " by Michael Porter

如果你嘅價值主張係同你嘅競爭對手一樣， 即係話你服務緊同一班顧客， 解決緊同一問題， 收緊差唔多價錢的話， 哈佛教授米高波特就講你係「人做你做」，你「無策略」 。

咁何謂一個好嘅策略 Good Strategy? 教授講要經得起五個 Tests:

A distinctive value proposition 獨特的價值主張

A tailored value chain 度身訂造的企業價值鏈

Trade-offs different from rivals 同競爭對手不同的「取捨」

Fit across value chain 成條企業價值鏈的活動要配合

Continuity over time 持續性、持續性，不能一時一樣

今集先再你講(1) 同 (2)。 (1) 何謂獨特的價值主張? 你先回答以下三條問題，睇下你同競爭對手有乜唔同。

Which customers are you serving? (What end users? What channels?) 你服務緊邊班客? 誰是最終顧客? 什麼渠道接觸他們?

Which needs are you going to meet? (What products、features、services?) 你想滿足他們什麼需求? 什麼產品、特徵 、服務?

What relative price? (Premium or discount?) 相比起競爭對手，你打算賣貴啲或平啲?

"The value proposition is the element of strategy that looks outward at customers, at the demand side of the business. The value chain focuses internally on operations. Strategy is fundamentally integrative, bringing the demand and supply sides together." by Michael Porter

策略入面的「價值主張」 是從由顧客的「需求」角度出發。 「企業價值鏈」反而是由內部的營運流程「供應」出發。 策略的基礎就係把「需求」及「供應」兩者整合在一起。

你要有好嘅策略，你就要第 (2) Have a tailored value chain 有一條度身訂造的企業價值鏈。由入貨、加工、包裝、市場推廣、 銷售 、出貨、至售後服務都要同競爭對手唔同， 都係度身訂做去服務你以上「價值主張」要服務的顧客。

Michael Porter 話做生意常犯嘅錯誤，亦都係最忌嘅就係 "Stuck in the middle" 「卡住喺中間」。即係平又唔係平過人， 靚又唔係靚過人， 服務嗰班客或者佢哋嘅需求又唔係特別嘅過人，咁你就乜唔係，「價值主張」無乜特別，好難突出。咁你可以點?

例如， 如果就咁開間租車公司，你點同業界巨頭 Hertz, Budget, Avis 打呢? 好容易就 "Stuck in the middle"， 因此絕大部分嘅租車公司你都唔會識，我亦都唔會提。 但美國有間獨特的租車公司，Zipcar， 佢同一般嘅租車公司好唔同。

Zipcar 唔係好似絕大部分嘅租車公司咁， target 區外客， 到咗某個城市要租車週圍走。佢係 target 平時市區內住，無養車， 但突然間想租車走一轉嘅人仕。佢唔係按「日租」，而係按「時租」， 你想去超級市場買一轉餸都可以租。

Zipcar冇話特定嘅租車中心， 而係啲車周街泊， 透過佢嘅Apps 你就知道架車泊咗係邊度及還車地點。 咁就更加方便同埋近你屋企。公司營運成本都平好多。

Zipcar 的車種經常畀人感覺係較 “Cool" ，比較型仔啲、環保啲。 佢唔會花好多錢大賣電視/戶外廣告，而係喺架車身上面貼住大大個公司 hip logo，變相周街免費流動廣告。

Zipcar 叫自己做 Car Sharing Company, not Car Rental Company。因為唔係個個人都租得，而只係付月費/年費的會員才能夠租。 依家月費每月7元美金或年費70元美金。咁佢就可以每次收費更平出租，但重複地賺你個月費年費。 佢想建立個形象就係 Car Sharing 遠遠環保過自己一個買架、保養、同埋棄置成架車。專攻年輕、活躍、較 "Green“ 的新一代。

Zipcar 仲有好多好多嘅特點講唔晒。總之就係，佢嘅 value proposition 價值主張 (Which Customers? Which Needs? What Relative Price?) 同所有其他租車公司巨頭都唔同， 成條嘅企業價值都係為咗個「價值主張」而去度身訂，同所有競爭對手都好唔同。

記住前幾集我同你講過，what's the right mind-set for competition? 你應該點諗競爭?

盡量得，你應該諗 Not be the the best, but be unique。 唔係要做到最好，而係做到最獨特。Zipcar is unique.

Not be number 1, but earn higher returns. 唔係要做到第一，而係要多啲回報，賺多啲錢! Zipcar 回報最高嘅係不斷重複收嘅月費年費，最穩定。

Not focus on market share, but focus on profits. 唔係要市佔率，係要利潤。Zipcar 賺錢。

Not serve the "best" customer with "best" product, but meet the diverse needs of target customers. 唔係要「最好」嘅產品，畀「最好」嘅客。而係用唔同嘅產品，滿足唔同顧客嘅需求。Zipcar 班客同其他租車公司好唔同。

Not compete by imitation, but compete by innovation. 唔係人做你做，而係要創新! Zipcar 肯定創新。

Not ZERO SUM game, but POSITIVE SUM. 唔係「零和遊戲」、互相廝殺， 而係大家從不同層面創造價值， 可以有好多個贏家。Zipcar 吸引咗一班平時唔係租開車嘅客， 佢做大咗個餅。

Zipcar 就係做到上 "Be Unique“ 嘅表表者。因此短短幾年間就可以係租車業界一支箭咁標上去，2000年係美國波士頓創立, 2013年就俾另一租車業界巨頭 Avis Budget Group 以美金5億收購了。2016年9月 Zipcar 公佈，全球9個國家，500個城市，擁有超過一百萬個會員。 一百萬個付費會員， 即使全部人唔租車，只係收月費年費都幾和味。 呢個就係我成日所講嘅做生意要做「農夫」，唔好做「獵人」，必須要客人係重複性購買， 你塊田先至會越嚟越大。

包括我自己在內，如果我純粹買賣舖， 根本我同其他商舖投資者無分別， 我錢又唔夠佢哋多，經驗又唔夠佢哋老到。 直接對撼，I have no strategy! 但我做「商舖基金」就完全唔同啦。班目標顧客、佢哋嘅需求、我所收嘅價錢，都完全唔同。 大家都係做「舖」，但我成條做「舖」嘅「企業價值鏈」， 由集資、買舖、 整理間舖、搵租客、諗計仔幫佢做多啲生意、至出售間舖、同售後服務， 都係同其他競爭對手唔同。亦都解釋咗點解， 即使社運/肺炎，我哋基金每季集資起碼6000港幣都季季爆額，近年全香港買賣街舖無人多過我哋， 我相信只要我哋專注係我哋條買舖的獨特嘅「企業價值鏈」，未來幾十年香港都唔會有人買賣舖多過我哋。

"Choices in the value proposition that limit what a company will do are essential to strategy because they create the opportunity to tailor activities in a way that best delivers that kind of value." by Michael Porter

「選擇」係重要嘅! 你公司就要選有乜嘢做，同更重要 - 有乜嘢唔做，咁你先至可以更加度身訂造地做好你成條「企業價值鏈」，去為你嘅「價值主張」創造最佳價值。

有興趣一齊研究下點做? 聽多啲 Michael Porter，就來我星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下集我再同你講 (3) Trade-offs different from rivals 同競爭對手，應該有什麼不同的「取捨」?

。。。。。

My hobby 《星期六早餐會》!

九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying "Michael Porter" to your business: How to compete and win!

哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏?

講起哈佛策略教授， 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程， 今次早餐會同你分享，希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。

有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。

9月份，逢星期六早上9時開始，約三小時。地點中環。

對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層，連我限4位。

有興趣參加的話，請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。

我唔係靠呢行搵食，免費，我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwin

www.edwinlee.com.hk
www.bwfund.com

聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143

#michael_porter #競爭策略

第四集 (一連七集) 哈佛知識分享: What is strategy? How do you create value? 什麼是策略 ? 你如何創造價值?

一開始我講過:

"The first test of a strategy is whether your value proposition is different from your rivals. If you are trying to serve the same customers and meet the same needs and sell at the same relative price, then you don't have a strategy. " by Michael Porter

如果你嘅價值主張係同你嘅競爭對手一樣， 即係話你服務緊同一班顧客， 解決緊同一問題， 收緊差唔多價錢的話， 哈佛教授米高波特就講你係「人做你做」，你「無策略」 。

咁何謂一個好嘅策略 Good Strategy? 教授講要經得起五個 Tests:

A distinctive value proposition 獨特的價值主張

A tailored value chain 度身訂造的企業價值鏈

Trade-offs different from rivals 同競爭對手不同的「取捨」

Fit across value chain 成條企業價值鏈的活動要配合

Continuity over time 持續性、持續性，不能一時一樣

今集先再你講(1) 同 (2)。 (1) 何謂獨特的價值主張? 你先回答以下三條問題，睇下你同競爭對手有乜唔同。

Which customers are you serving? (What end users? What channels?) 你服務緊邊班客? 誰是最終顧客? 什麼渠道接觸他們?

Which needs are you going to meet? (What products、features、services?) 你想滿足他們什麼需求? 什麼產品、特徵 、服務?

What relative price? (Premium or discount?) 相比起競爭對手，你打算賣貴啲或平啲?

"The value proposition is the element of strategy that looks outward at customers, at the demand side of the business. The value chain focuses internally on operations. Strategy is fundamentally integrative, bringing the demand and supply sides together." by Michael Porter

策略入面的「價值主張」 是從由顧客的「需求」角度出發。 「企業價值鏈」反而是由內部的營運流程「供應」出發。 策略的基礎就係把「需求」及「供應」兩者整合在一起。

你要有好嘅策略，你就要第 (2) Have a tailored value chain 有一條度身訂造的企業價值鏈。由入貨、加工、包裝、市場推廣、 銷售 、出貨、至售後服務都要同競爭對手唔同， 都係度身訂做去服務你以上「價值主張」要服務的顧客。

Michael Porter 話做生意常犯嘅錯誤，亦都係最忌嘅就係 "Stuck in the middle" 「卡住喺中間」。即係平又唔係平過人， 靚又唔係靚過人， 服務嗰班客或者佢哋嘅需求又唔係特別嘅過人，咁你就乜唔係，「價值主張」無乜特別，好難突出。咁你可以點?

例如， 如果就咁開間租車公司，你點同業界巨頭 Hertz, Budget, Avis 打呢? 好容易就 "Stuck in the middle"， 因此絕大部分嘅租車公司你都唔會識，我亦都唔會提。 但美國有間獨特的租車公司，Zipcar， 佢同一般嘅租車公司好唔同。

Zipcar 唔係好似絕大部分嘅租車公司咁， target 區外客， 到咗某個城市要租車週圍走。佢係 target 平時市區內住，無養車， 但突然間想租車走一轉嘅人仕。佢唔係按「日租」，而係按「時租」， 你想去超級市場買一轉餸都可以租。

Zipcar冇話特定嘅租車中心， 而係啲車周街泊， 透過佢嘅Apps 你就知道架車泊咗係邊度及還車地點。 咁就更加方便同埋近你屋企。公司營運成本都平好多。

Zipcar 的車種經常畀人感覺係較 “Cool" ，比較型仔啲、環保啲。 佢唔會花好多錢大賣電視/戶外廣告，而係喺架車身上面貼住大大個公司 hip logo，變相周街免費流動廣告。

Zipcar 叫自己做 Car Sharing Company, not Car Rental Company。因為唔係個個人都租得，而只係付月費/年費的會員才能夠租。 依家月費每月7元美金或年費70元美金。咁佢就可以每次收費更平出租，但重複地賺你個月費年費。 佢想建立個形象就係 Car Sharing 遠遠環保過自己一個買架、保養、同埋棄置成架車。專攻年輕、活躍、較 "Green“ 的新一代。

Zipcar 仲有好多好多嘅特點講唔晒。總之就係，佢嘅 value proposition 價值主張 (Which Customers? Which Needs? What Relative Price?) 同所有其他租車公司巨頭都唔同， 成條嘅企業價值都係為咗個「價值主張」而去度身訂，同所有競爭對手都好唔同。

記住前幾集我同你講過，what's the right mind-set for competition? 你應該點諗競爭?

盡量得，你應該諗 Not be the the best, but be unique。 唔係要做到最好，而係做到最獨特。Zipcar is unique.

Not be number 1, but earn higher returns. 唔係要做到第一，而係要多啲回報，賺多啲錢! Zipcar 回報最高嘅係不斷重複收嘅月費年費，最穩定。

Not focus on market share, but focus on profits. 唔係要市佔率，係要利潤。Zipcar 賺錢。

Not serve the "best" customer with "best" product, but meet the diverse needs of target customers. 唔係要「最好」嘅產品，畀「最好」嘅客。而係用唔同嘅產品，滿足唔同顧客嘅需求。Zipcar 班客同其他租車公司好唔同。

Not compete by imitation, but compete by innovation. 唔係人做你做，而係要創新! Zipcar 肯定創新。

Not ZERO SUM game, but POSITIVE SUM. 唔係「零和遊戲」、互相廝殺， 而係大家從不同層面創造價值， 可以有好多個贏家。Zipcar 吸引咗一班平時唔係租開車嘅客， 佢做大咗個餅。

Zipcar 就係做到上 "Be Unique“ 嘅表表者。因此短短幾年間就可以係租車業界一支箭咁標上去，2000年係美國波士頓創立, 2013年就俾另一租車業界巨頭 Avis Budget Group 以美金5億收購了。2016年9月 Zipcar 公佈，全球9個國家，500個城市，擁有超過一百萬個會員。 一百萬個付費會員， 即使全部人唔租車，只係收月費年費都幾和味。 呢個就係我成日所講嘅做生意要做「農夫」，唔好做「獵人」，必須要客人係重複性購買， 你塊田先至會越嚟越大。

包括我自己在內，如果我純粹買賣舖， 根本我同其他商舖投資者無分別， 我錢又唔夠佢哋多，經驗又唔夠佢哋老到。 直接對撼，I have no strategy! 但我做「商舖基金」就完全唔同啦。班目標顧客、佢哋嘅需求、我所收嘅價錢，都完全唔同。 大家都係做「舖」，但我成條做「舖」嘅「企業價值鏈」， 由集資、買舖、 整理間舖、搵租客、諗計仔幫佢做多啲生意、至出售間舖、同售後服務， 都係同其他競爭對手唔同。亦都解釋咗點解， 即使社運/肺炎，我哋基金每季集資起碼6000港幣都季季爆額，近年全香港買賣街舖無人多過我哋， 我相信只要我哋專注係我哋條買舖的獨特嘅「企業價值鏈」，未來幾十年香港都唔會有人買賣舖多過我哋。

"Choices in the value proposition that limit what a company will do are essential to strategy because they create the opportunity to tailor activities in a way that best delivers that kind of value." by Michael Porter

「選擇」係重要嘅! 你公司就要選有乜嘢做，同更重要 - 有乜嘢唔做，咁你先至可以更加度身訂造地做好你成條「企業價值鏈」，去為你嘅「價值主張」創造最佳價值。

有興趣一齊研究下點做? 聽多啲 Michael Porter，就來我星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下集我再同你講 (3) Trade-offs different from rivals 同競爭對手，應該有什麼不同的「取捨」?

。。。。。

My hobby 《星期六早餐會》!

九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying "Michael Porter" to your business: How to compete and win!

哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏?

講起哈佛策略教授， 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程， 今次早餐會同你分享，希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。

有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。

9月份，逢星期六早上9時開始，約三小時。地點中環。

對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層，連我限4位。

有興趣參加的話，請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。

我唔係靠呢行搵食，免費，我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwin

www.edwinlee.com.hk
www.bwfund.com

聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143

#michael_porter #競爭策略

哈佛知識分享: 第三集(合共七集) What is competitive advantage? What is your value chain? 什麼是競爭優勢? 什麼是企業價值鏈?

仲記得我喺哈佛讀行政人員課程嘅時候，教授 Michael Porter 考考我哋, "In business, is strategy more important or excution more important?" 做生意，策略重要啲? 定執行力重要啲? 等陣同你解釋。

上兩集同你講咗你應該點諗「競爭」? 行業的五加一動力點影響你嘅利潤。今集同你分享下企業價值鏈點影響你的競爭優勢? 策略/執行力，邊個重要啲?

全文內容:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/10iTzUHyqrhcLvrfYHqZhu8tNpT-jnzKWVhVls09ciWk/edit?usp=drivesdk

。。。。。

My hobby 《星期六早餐會》!

七/八/九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying "Michael Porter" to your business: How to compete and win!

哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏?

講起哈佛策略教授， 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程， 今次早餐會同你分享，希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。

有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。

7月/8月/9月份，逢星期六早上9時開始，約三小時半。地點中環。

對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層，連我限4位。

有興趣參加的話，請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。

我唔係靠呢行搵食，免費，我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwin

www.edwinlee.com.hk
www.bwfund.com

聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143

。。。。。。。。。

先講何謂「競爭優勢」Competitive Advantage?

Michael Porter 話 "If you have a real competitive advantage, it means that compared with rivals, you operate at a lower cost, command a premium price, or both."

如果你有真正的「競爭優勢」，相比起競爭對手，你就有低啲嘅成本，或高啲嘅售價，或兩個都有。

"Competitive advantage is a relative concept. It's about superior financial performance." by Michael Porter

競爭優勢是相對的。 係代表你財務回報做得好過你同行的競爭對手。

唔單止做得好，而係要賺錢多過人。記住，上集我同你講:

"The real point of competition is not to beat rivals. It's to earn profits."

競爭，最重要唔係打低競爭對手，而係要賺錢!

何謂賺錢? Michael Porter 嘅定義唔係純粹睇個大數。 他話賺100蚊嘅公司，唔係一定叻過賺90蚊嘅公司。 因為話唔定賺100蚊嘅公司，佢就投資咗1000蚊，先賺100蚊。 但賺90蚊嘅公司，投資咗500蚊已賺賺到90蚊。 咁後者又何必再投資多500蚊，去賺嗰剩餘嘅10蚊。 因為呢500蚊可以投資喺第二度可能有更高回報，何必為做而做呢?

因此 Michael Porter 睇嘅賺錢，係 measured by ROIC (Return On Invested Capital) 資本投資回報。 即係話你放咗幾錢入去盤生意，equity and debt combined, 資本又好、借又好， 賺錢回報率有幾多呢?

例如，你開間茶餐廳，你自己放咗100萬入去，問銀行借咗100萬裝修，合共投資200萬。開業後，未扣除銀行利息及稅務 (EBIT - Earnings Before Interest and Tax)，每年就賺40萬，咁你嘅 ROIC (Return on Invested Capital) 就係40除200，等如20%。

如果你再另外開多一間， 道理上因為經驗多咗啦，總部人手成本一樣，額外投資金額應該就會少咗，開始有 economy of scale (經濟規模效益)，當今次只係投資160萬，回報一樣每年40萬。ROIC 就係 25%。

Michael Porter 話， 如果你每開一間，你嘅投資回報 ROIC 會因為 economy of scale (經濟規模效益)而提升，why not! 開多幾十幾百幾千間都得。

但如果你開到某個程度，每開一間，你嘅投資回報 (ROIC) 就下降。 例如依家總投資要成200萬，由於市場開始飽和，每年賺錢只得額外20萬，資本投資回報只得10%。Michael Porter 話咁又何必再開呢? 因為咁樣只會把你整體嘅 ROIC (資本投資回報率)拉低。

做得大，唔代表賺錢。唔好為大而大。有時 Small is beautiful. 細有細嘅美麗。

美國最賺錢嘅航空公司 Southwest Airlines, 睇下呢幅圖， 過去幾十年佢嘅嘢 ROIC (Return on Invested Capital)，上面黑色條線，一直保持行內最高， 行內其他航空公司平均係每年回報3.1%， Southwest Airlines 就能夠做到每年回報11.4%，高出同行2.7倍， 肺炎前年年賺錢。

Southwest Airlines 創辦人 Herb Kelleher 曾經講過 ”Market share has nothing to do with profitability. Market share says we just want to be big; we don't care if we make money doing it. In order to get an additional 5% of the market, some companies increased their costs by 25%. That's really incongruous if profitability is your purpose."

佢話:「市佔率往往同利潤率無關係。 市佔率只係講大， 但未必賺到錢。 有啲公司為咗攞多5%額外市佔率， 願意洗多25%嘅成本， 咁樣同做生意要賺錢嘅理念係互相違背的。」

我自己做商舖基金都係一樣，我成日都話:「我情願人少啲，賺多啲」，遠遠好過「人多多，每人賺少啲!」 人少啲， 社運肺炎，咩風浪都經過起。 人多， 一闊三大，一個浪冚，好易玩完。

記住我上面提過「競爭優勢」就係: 「相比起競爭對手，你有低啲嘅成本，或高啲嘅售價，or both!」 咁點樣同樣嘅產品或服務，你嘅回報就更高。

"Strategy choices aim to shift relative price or relative cost in a company's favor." by Michael Porter

策略的選擇，目的是向公司有利的方向把相對的價錢或成本調整。

咁點選擇呢? 就係睇你條 「Value Chain 企業價值鏈」啦。

"The sequence of activities your company performs to design, produce, sell, deliver and support its products is called the value chain. " by Michael Porter.

由產品的設計、生產、銷售、送遞、到售後服務，這個流程就叫做企業價值鏈。

"A company's value chain is the collection of all its value-creating and cost-generating activities." by Michael Porter.

企業價值鏈係由所有為客戶增值及令企業增加成本的活動總和。

睇圖，Value Chain 包括 Primary Activities 主要活動 and Supporting Activities 輔助活動。入貨、加工、出貨就係你服務顧客啲主要活動。 公司嘅架構、人力資源、科技應用就係輔助活動。Michael Porter 話如果你要贏人, 你就要明白你以上嘅價值鏈每一步、 每個活動、 每個細節對人客嘅價值製造 (value creation) 同相關成本 (cost incurred)。

要勝出，你有兩個選擇:

(1) Compete on execution. Better operational effectiveness. Perform the same activities as rivals, but execute better. Be better, be the best!

用「執行力」去贏人。每一步，設計/入貨/生產/出貨，都同爭對手差不多，但執行得更好、更快、更準。成個流程成本平啲，人客滿意啲。 等於一間茶餐廳， 落單準啲、上菜快啲、 炒餸好味啲。 但教授 Michael Porter 話咁就好似隻老鼠喺個圈入面，operational effectiveness, 跑快啲跑快啲 ，be the quickest, be the best! 但其實不斷地都喺個圈入面跑緊。長遠，人或老鼠，始終會攰， 你好啲，但人哋都會改善追上。競爭對手就遲早令你競爭優勢難以維續。

(2) Compete on strategy. Perform different activities from rivals. Meet the different needs of customers at lower cost or higher price. Be unique.

用「策略」去贏人。設計/入貨/生產/出貨嘅價值鏈，同行內其他爭對手唔同。 明白唔同顧客，有唔同需求。 用低啲嘅成本或者高啲嘅售價，or both, 去滿足佢哋嘅需求。做唯一! Michael Porter 話咁就會令你 好似隻老鼠咁，跑出個圈，走條捷徑，帶你想去嘅地方。 只是專注，長遠你嘅競爭優勢更容易持續。

例如， 美國嘅航空公司過去幾十年都係非常之難做嘅行業，1980年起，ROIC Return on Invested Capital 資本投資回報平均只得每年3.1%。

但我上面提及的西南航空 Southwest Airlines，佢過去幾十年，由(1) 訂票 (只用自己網絡，唔用 agent， 慳番啲手續費) 、(2) 機種 (只用一種波音737，方便機司培訓同保養， 唔似得其他航空公司乜飛機種都有)、(3) 坐飛機無飛機餐(慳返成本及方便清潔)、(4) 無編定座位 (先上機先揀位坐， 唂啲人快啲上飛機，早啲開機)、至 (5) No connecting flights 無轉駁航班 (只有直接 point to point， 唔使等你或你啲行李轉機)， 仲有更多更多， 成條嘅 Southest Airlines Value Chain 價值鏈嘅活動，都係同行內競爭對手唔同。 雖然機票售價平啲，但佢成本更加平。咁亦都解釋咗點佢能夠咁多年來平均嘅資本投資回報率 ROIC 高達11.4%，高過同行競爭對手近三倍。

我自己做商舖基金都係一樣， 都係 compete on strategy. 如果我純粹低買，高賣舖。 我只可以靠買得平過人，沽得快過人去賺錢。 但長遠好難持續跑贏大市的優勢， 一個社運肺炎冚埋嚟， 馬上冚旗。

呢條係我哋公司商舖增值嘅價值鏈 (insert graph)， 由投資者集資、買舖、解除 order /裝修/分契、至「服務式商舖」搵合適租客 (諗計仔幫佢做多啲生意)、至宣傳推廣出售商舖及「三大保證」售後服務， 加上公司基本設施、人力資源、科技應用、採購流程嘅配合， 我相信香港無任何一個商舖投資者同我哋一樣為商舖增值。 我係舖市要跑贏大市，都係靠呢條 Value Chain 價值鏈。包括，買賣我基金單位嘅交易成本，遠遠低過買賣成間舖。租我哋舖做生意嘅風險，都遠遠低過租間不知名、無人跟進的舖。

咁亦都解釋咗點解，我哋用咗五年時間，今個月就用基金買入咗港幣第一個「10億」舖，前後60間街舖。萬事起頭難，我相信第二個「10億」舖，大約兩年內會完成。

根據哈佛教授 Michael Porter，只要條 value chain 企業價值鏈夠獨特及專注， 好難有另一個競爭對手入嚟係香港街舖嘅層面打低我哋。好多人會嚟抄我哋嘅 business model 商業模式，但佢唔會做舖。 佢會做工廈、商廈、住宅、農地、骨灰龕位、大灣區、非洲、火星，但佢唔做香港街舖。 因為個地頭已經畀我哋霸咗，佢點做都唔夠我哋熟。 唔通我講話我要買1000間香港街舖，佢講話要買2000間，邊個人會信佢! 佢話500間就不如唔好講。

當然，教授話任何 good strategy 都需要 good execution，無好嘅執行力，所有說話只係空談。因此我成日話「持續性、持續性、持續性地執行」好重要。

Both strategy and excution are important. 好嘅「策略」及好嘅「執行力」同樣重要。 只有好嘅 「執行力」，無「策略」，你會賺到錢，不過好大機會係細錢。 加埋好嘅「策略」，配合好嘅「執行力」，大錢就會嚟!

你盤生意呢? 你條企業價值鏈 Value Chain 又係點呢? 同人哋有乜唔同? Are you competing on good execution or good strategy? 你係執行力上贏人、定策略上贏人? 點樣做到成本平啲或收費高啲，or both 呢?

有興趣一齊研究多啲點做? 聽多啲 Michael Porter，就來我七/八月份星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下集我再同你講 (4) What is strategy? How do you create value? 什麼是策略 ? 你如何創造價值?

全文內容:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/10iTzUHyqrhcLvrfYHqZhu8tNpT-jnzKWVhVls09ciWk/edit?usp=drivesdk

。。。。。

My hobby 《星期六早餐會》!

七/八/九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying "Michael Porter" to your business: How to compete and win!

哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏?

講起哈佛策略教授， 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程， 今次早餐會同你分享，希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。

有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。

7月/8月/9月份，逢星期六早上9時開始，約三小時半。地點中環。

對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層，連我限4位。

有興趣參加的話，請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。

我唔係靠呢行搵食，免費，我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwin

www.edwinlee.com.hk
www.bwfund.com

聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143

#michael_porter, #競爭策略, #企業競爭優勢，#價值鏈

Forex Grade 10 # Divergence Trading การหาจุดกลับตัวกราฟ Forex ด้วย Divergence สัญญานการกลับตัว

สวัสดีครับวันนี้ มาเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับ สัญญาณการกลับตัวหรือ เรียกว่า Divergence แล้ว Divergence เกิดจากอะไร เกิดได้อย่างไร แบบไหน?
Divergence หมายถึงการขัดแย้งกันของ ราคา Price และ Indicator ซึ่งราคานั้นเราก็ดูจาก จุดสูงหรือต่ำของเส้นแนวโน้มโดยใช้หลักการเส้นเทรนไลน์ประกอบการ วิเคราะห์การเกิด Divergence สำหรับ Indicator ที่นิยมใช้ในการวิเคราะห์สัญญาณการเกิด Divergence จะเป็น Indicator กลุ่ม Oscillator indicator ซึ่งก็เป็น Indicator พื้นฐานที่ใช้กันอยู่ทั่วไปได้แก่ Stochastic Slow (STOCH) , Relative Strength Index (RSI) , Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) , Commodity Channel Index (CCI) และ William's Percent Range (W%R)

โดยส่วนมากแล้ว Admin จะถนัดที่จะใช้ MACD และ STOCH ในการวิเคราะห์ Divergence อาจใช้คู่กับ หลักการElliot Wave ในการใช้ หาการกลับตัวที่ Wave ลูกที่ 5 นี่ก็มีประสิทธิภาพมากเลยทีเดียว

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Use the Donchian Channel to time your entries, filter high-probability setups and ride massive trends.

SUBSCRIBE: https://bit.ly/2MsGjRR

If you want more actionable trading tips and strategies, go to https://www.tradingwithrayner.com

First and foremost, what is a Donchian Channel? How do I get this indicator on my chart? If you're using TradingView just go down to the Indicator Tab, search for Donchian, and you click this one over here, and here's what you see on your chart, the Donchian Channel. It comes with the default 20-period setting.

Tips for Trading with Donchian Channel #1
The first tip is that you can use Donchian Channel to help you filter for high-probability trading setups. It can help you to trade with the trend. Here's how. Let's say you want to buy with the trend. What you'll do is pay attention to the middle band and where the price is relative to the middle band. If the price is below the middle band, then you look for short trading opportunities. Means you look to sell. If the price is above the middle band, then you look for long trading opportunities, meaning you look to buy. This is a simple filter that will keep you on the right side of the markets more often than not.

Tips for Trading with Donchian Channel #2
The second thing a Donchian Channel can do for you is to help you time your entries. What you can do is you can look to trade the breakdown or the breakup. Can see that over here this candle over here pretty much made a new 20-day low. You can look to short the market, as the price made a new 20-day low. Alternatively, this candle over here made a new 20-day high, so you can look to buy the market as the price makes a new 20-day high. This is only to serve as an entry trigger. This is not a strategy but just an entry trigger.

Tips for Trading with Donchian Channel #3
The third thing a Donchian Channel can do for you is to help you ride massive trends. Here's how it works. You can see, right? Let's say, for example, you are short this market, this crude-oil market. Let's say the market breaks this low over here, this 20-day low, you go short. Let's say your stop-loss; it's above this swing high, let's say you put it somewhere here, one ATR above it, somewhere here. You can trail your stop-loss using this middle band over here. This means if the price doesn't break above the middle band, you will stay short, you will hold onto your short position.

Tips for Trading with Donchian Channel #4
The fourth tip is that the Donchian Channel works very well with the Average-True-Range indicator. Let me pull out this ATR indicator. We'll use the default settings, as well. I don't have to be too fancy on this. I like to look at the weekly chart. The thing that I like to look for is to see low volatility in the markets. I want to see that the ATR value is at multiyear lows. This means that the ATR value over the last two or three years, this is the lowest level. This is what I'm looking for.

If you want to learn more, you can go down to my website TradingWithRayner.com, and scroll down to the bottom, and you can see these two trading guides: The Ultimate Trend Following Guide and The Ultimate Guide to Price-Action Trading. If you want to learn how to ride massive trends in a market, go and download this guide over here, the trend-following guide, because I'll share with you practical trading strategies and techniques to ride massive trends.

If you want to learn more about price-action trading to better time your entries and exits you can download this Ultimate Guide to Price-Action Trading. Both of them are completely free. Just come down to my website, TradingWithRayner.com, click on this blue button, and I'll send it to your email, for free.

Thanks for watching!

FOLLOW ME AT:
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Rayner: 00:00 Today, I have a question from Kara who asks, "Hey, Rayner, if I want to use multiple timeframes in my trading, for example, the price is coming to a daily support, how do I use multiple timeframes to better my entry? Should I be looking at a one-minute timeframe, a five minutes timeframe, or the one-hour timeframe?" Here's my take on it when using multiple timeframes. You can think of it like let's say, for example, you're old. You're about 70 years old and you're trying to read the words on the monitor on your screen.

Rayner: 00:33 Okay, and that's pretty small, so what do you do? You get a magnifying glass and you look at the monitor. The magnifying expands the words and it's easier to read because now the font size is larger, but what if you magnify too much? Let's say you magnified to 10 times what it was and the font size expands, huge, so what happens? If you look at that now, the words will appear very large like one huge thing in front of you. You can start to see the individual grain of the pixel, and if you're looking at it, does it make sense? No.

Rayner: 01:11 You pretty much forgot what you're trying to accomplish in the first place because the thing is way too zoomed in, and this is the same as trading. If you're looking at the daily timeframe, for example, the price coming to an area of support and you zoom in down to the one-minute timeframe to better time your entry, it's way too zoomed in just like the magnifying glass example. You can see the individual bar and stuff like that, but it has no relevance to the higher timeframe because you're too zoomed in and whatever data you're looking at is pretty much noise relative to the daily timeframe. So my suggestion is if you want to find a sweet spot where you zoom in enough to see additional information at the same time using the information that is related to the higher timeframe, I suggest using a factor of four to six.

Rayner: 02:01 What I mean by this is that let's say, for example, the daily timeframe ... Price comes into support and you want to better time your entry, you can use an example of a factor of six. One day, you have 24 hours, so a factor of six means that you go down to the four timeframes to better time your entry.

Rayner: 02:27 If you want to use a factor of four, let's say you identify resistance on the four timeframes, so a factor of four would be then you go down to the one-hour timeframe, four hours divided by four which is a factor of four.

Rayner: 02:51 So this is the sweet spot to use multiple timeframes. If you use a factor of 20 or 30, I would say the information is too detailed and it has no relevance to the higher timeframe. With that said, if you want to learn proven trading strategies to get rich slow, head down to my website tradingwithrayner.com and I'll talk to you soon.

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