Vitamin D seems to help fight off viruses, especially COVID-19.
SUNLIGHT:A number of factors can play a role in vitamin D deficiencies in older adults. Because they spend the majority of their time indoors, older adults get minimal exposure to natural sunlight.
1.In aging adults, vitamin D deficiency is strongly linked to muscle weakness, which can manifest in different ways. In general, seniors tend to feel a heaviness in their legs and have difficulty standing up and climbing stairs.
2.Vitamin D is also necessary for aiding and regulating calcium absorption and keeps bones, muscles and teeth in excellent condition. The combination of weakened muscles and bones caused by low vitamin D levels has been associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures, which can be very dangerous and even fatal for the elderly.
3.Vitamin D is believed to help regulate immune function and the release of neurotransmitters in the brain that influence moods
4.Studies have shown that low vitamin D levels may be associated with mental health disorders like seasonal affective disorder (SAD), schizophrenia and depression. Seniors who feel depressed and tired all the time may actually suffer from vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.
5.In addition, low vitamin D levels may contribute to cognitive decline and a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia.
6.Weight Gain
Vitamin D appears to play an important role in regulating appetite and body weight as well. Research has shown that lower levels of vitamin D are associated with obesity, whereas increased vitamin D levels have been associated with reductions in body fat.
7.It’s believed that vitamin D controls the levels of leptin in the body—another hormone that inhibits hunger and reduces fat storage.
8.When a senior is deficient in vitamin D, these signals to the brain get disrupted and the body doesn’t know when to stop eating. This can make people overeat and gain weight.
9.Fatigue
Many older adults who are tired all the time may not realize that they could have a nutritional deficiency, so they ignore their symptoms. Low vitamin D levels may also cause widespread pain in areas like the shoulders, pelvis, ribcage and lower back, which can leave a senior feeling drained. Someone who has stiff joints and is constantly feeling fatigued might want to boost their vitamin D intake (especially if they do not go outside much or do not eat many fortified foods).
10.Digestive Issues
Studies have shown that low vitamin D levels may contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a condition characterized by chronic inflammation in the digestive tract. IBD is split into two main types: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. To make matters worse, bowel diseases can interfere with the way the intestines absorb dietary fat. Since vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, GI conditions can cause nutritional deficiencies to worsen even further. #COVID19 #vitaminD #sunlight #oldage
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[時事英文] 精神錯亂辯護
The insanity defense, also known as the mental disorder defense, is an affirmative defense by excuse in a criminal case, arguing that the defendant is not responsible for their actions due to an episodic or persistent psychiatric disease at the time of the criminal act. This is contrasted with an excuse of provocation, in which the defendant is responsible, but the responsibility is lessened due to a temporary mental state.
1. the insanity defense 精神錯亂辯護
2. mental disorder 精神障礙
3. an affirmative defense 積極抗辯;確認的抗辯
4. defendant 被告人
5. responsible for their actions 為他們的行為負責
6. episodic 發作的;偶發的
7. persistent psychiatric disease 持續的精神性疾病
8. a criminal act 犯罪行為
9. an excuse of provocation 義憤殺人的免責條款*
10. be lessened 被減輕
11. a temporary mental state 暫時的精神狀態
精神錯亂辯護 ,也叫做精神障礙辯護,是刑事案件中用以積極抗辯的理由,鑑於被告犯罪時偶發或持續的精神性疾病,故無法為其行為負責。這與義憤殺人的免責條款形成對比——在義憤殺人的情況中被告負有刑責,惟由於暫時的精神狀態,刑責得以減輕。
*an excuse of provocation 詳參——
《中華民國刑法》:https://bit.ly/2SqhOqh
最高法院刑事判決:https://bit.ly/35kEo8K
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《台北時報》報導:
The man charged in the slaying of a railway police officer last year was acquitted of murder by the Chiayi District Court yesterday, with judges saying that the suspect, surnamed Cheng, had a mental disorder. However, Cheng was ordered to undergo five years of psychiatric treatment.
12. be charged with 被控告
13. the slaying of 殺害⋯⋯
14. a railway police officer 鐵路警察
15. be acquitted 被宣判無罪
16. suspect (n.) 嫌犯
17. undergo 接受(治療或檢查等);經歷,經受(令人不快的事或變化)
18. psychiatric treatment 精神病治療
昨日,這名於去年被控殺害一名鐵路警察的男子,被嘉義地方法院宣判無罪,法官表示鄭嫌患有精神障礙。惟令鄭接受五年的精神病治療。
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The parents of Lee Cheng-han, the 25-year-old railway officer killed in July last year, were at the court. Lee Tseng-wen, Lee Cheng-han’s father, told reporters after the verdict was announced: “This is outrageous.”
“My son was killed in the line of his duty as a police officer and the court gave a not guilty ruling,” he said. “It is painful for me right now. The judges have lost their senses and reason.”
19. verdict 裁決
20. in the line of duty 在工作中;在執行任務時
21. not guilty 無罪
22. a court ruling 法院判決
去年7月遭殺害的25歲鐵路警察李承翰的父母在法庭上。在判決宣布後,李承翰的父親李增文對記者說:「這太可恥了。」
他說:「我兒子在履行警察的職責時被殺害,而法院竟作出無罪的判決。」「此時此刻,這對我來說很痛苦。法官們失去了判斷力與理智。」
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“He was our only son. He worked diligently and was devoted to his family. We have to suffer the pain and sorrow of his death to this day,” he said. “If we could turn back the clock, we would never allow him to work as a police officer.”
23. suffer 遭受;受苦
24. pain and sorrow 痛苦與悲傷
25. turn back the clock 將時間倒轉
「他是我們的獨生子。他工作勤奮並為家庭犧牲奉獻。直到今天,我們都必須承受他去世的痛苦與悲傷,」他說。「 如果我們可以讓時間倒轉,我們絕不允許他當警察。」
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Cheng, 55, was examined by psychiatrists, who said that he was suffering from schizophrenia when he stabbed Lee Cheng-han. “He was under a delusion that affected his behavior at the time,” the psychiatrists said in a report. “His actions resulted from his mental condition.”
26. be examined by 被⋯⋯檢查
27. schizophrenia 思覺失調症;精神分裂症
28. stab(用刀等銳器)刺
29. under a delusion 陷入一種妄想(或幻想)
30. result from 肇因於⋯⋯
31. mental condition 精神狀況
鄭現年55歲,接受了精神科醫生的檢查,醫生說他刺傷李承翰時正受思覺失調症所苦。「他當時正陷入一種妄想,影響了他的行為。」精神科醫生在一份報告中寫道。「他的行為乃肇因於他的精神狀況。」
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“Psychiatrists say that people with schizophrenia must take medication their whole lives. If they do not, they will relapse,” the report said. “Cheng’s mental capacity had deteriorated and he had lost awareness of his action at the time.”
The judges cited Article 19 of the Criminal Code: “An offense is not punishable if it is committed by a person who is mentally disordered.” Cheng was granted release on NT$500,000 bail, but his family reportedly could not pay the amount, so he remained in detention yesterday.
32. take medication 服藥
33. relapse 舊病復發
34. mental capacity 意思能力*
35. deteriorate 惡化;變壞
36. lose awareness 失去意識
37. an offense 罪過
38. not punishable 不罰
39. be granted release 被批准釋放
40. bail 保釋金
41. pay the amount 支付該筆金額
42. remain in detention 持續拘留
「精神科醫生說,思覺失調症患者須終生服藥。否則將會舊病復發。」報告寫道。「鄭的意思能力已惡化,他當時已對自身行為失去意識。」法官們引述了《刑法》第19條:「行為時因精神障礙或其他心智缺陷,致不能辨識其行為違法或欠缺依其辨識而行為之能力者,不罰。」鄭獲准以新臺幣五十萬元交保,但據報導他的家人無法支付這筆罰金,因此他昨日仍被拘留。
*意思能力:「對於自己之行為及其效果,能正常判斷、識別及預期之精神能力。」詳參:https://bit.ly/2KPeVuN
資訊出處: https://bit.ly/2KQz4k9
圖片出處:https://bit.ly/3dhI9Pl
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[時事英文] 死刑:https://bit.ly/3bVrtg6
時事英文講義:https://bit.ly/2XmRYXc
時事英文大全:http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
如何使用「時事英文」:https://bit.ly/3a9rr38
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【流預所郭柏秀副教授團隊 獲美國腦與行為研究基金會(BBR)二年期計畫獎助】
NTU Associate Prof. Po-Hsiu Kuo awarded a two-year research grant by the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation
躁鬱症屬於重大精神疾病之一,郭柏秀副教授與跨國合作團隊(ConLiGen)進行鋰鹽治療躁鬱症療效的研究,研究成果於2016年發表於Lancet期刊。郭柏秀副教授以此研究成果,向美國腦與行為研究基金會(Brain & Behavior Research Foundation,簡稱BBR基金會)申請獨立研究獎助,該基金會於2017年4月公布獎助名單,郭柏秀副教授獲得二年期計畫獎助,二年合計將近300萬台幣。
Associate Prof. Po-Hsiu Kuo of the NTU College of Public Health collaborated with the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) in studying the use of lithium medication in bipolar disorder treatment. In June of 2017, she was awarded the two-year NARSAD Independent Investigator Grant worth nearly NTD 3 million by the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation.
郭柏秀副教授的研究,是關於一個在非編碼RNA的基因上具有顯著影響治療效反應的遺傳位點。然而此位點在日本以及台灣等亞洲族群中並沒有顯著的影響,反而是一個位在神經膠質細胞滋養因子受體的基因(GFRA2)在亞洲樣本對鋰鹽療效有一致的影響(p-value=2.1×10-7)。神經膠質細胞對於神經傳導中髓鞘的功能有重要的影響,值得更進一步研究。為了探究此位點的功能,郭柏秀副教授欲利用細胞膜型探討特定遺傳位點對於髓鞘功能的影響,因而向BBR基金會申請獨立研究的獎助。
BBR基金會的前身由美國三個協會共同發起成立,包括美國國家精神疾病聯盟(National Alliance for the Mentally Ill)、美國國家精神健康協會(National Mental Health Association),以及美國國家憂鬱及躁鬱協會(National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association),至1985年時組織定名為美國國家思覺失調與憂鬱症聯盟National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD)。此聯盟至2011年時再度更名為現在的BBR基金會,將多數重大的精神疾病納入研究案的範疇,目的在發展並獎助精神健康相關的研究,以促進疾病病因的了解、改善治療,以及預防精神疾病為目的。目前強調的研究重點為基礎研究、新技術的發展與診斷、早期介入應用研究,以及研發新的治療方式四大類。
BBR基金會透過募款的方式贊助研究計畫案的進行,並於1987年開始贊助首批研究計畫案,今年正好邁入其第30年的里程碑。許多頂尖的研究者在研究生涯中都接受過基因會的獎助,例如2000年諾貝爾生理及醫學獎得主Dr. Eric Kandel,Kandel因一系列關於「神經系統的訊息傳導」的研究發現而榮獲諾貝爾獎。研究獎助的科學評審理事會由一百多位神經科學家,與兩位諾貝爾獎得主,及四位前任國家精神健康研究所(National Institute of Mental Health)的所長組成。在過去近三十年來,基金會所贊助的研究計畫成果卓越,加速精神健康領域中持續進步的研究動能。此次郭副教授申請的是屬於躁鬱症的基礎研究類別,利用寡樹突細胞膜型探討GFRA2基因上特定遺傳位點對於髓鞘功能的影響。
圖說:美國腦與行為研究基金會於官網上公布郭柏秀副教授獲二年期計畫獎助
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